Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Sangam Works


Sangam Works

Sangam works may be generally classified into three parts like Ettuttogai (the eight anthologies) and Pattupattu (the ten idylls) and pathinenkilu kanakku.
The group of Ettuttogai consists of:
1. Narrinai
2. Karuntogai
3. Aingurunuru
4. Padirrupattu
5. Paripadal
6. Kalittogai
7. Ahanamuru
8. Puraanuru.

· The group Pattupattu includes:
1. Tirumurugarruppadai
2. Porunararruppadai
3. Sirupanarruppadai
4. Perumbanarruppadai
5. Mullaipattu
6. Maduraikanchi
7. Nedunalvadai
8. Kurinjipattu
9. Pattinappalai
10. Malaipadukanchi

· Some scholars have included Tolkapium, the Tamil grammatical treatise by Tolkappiyar (supposed to be the disciple of Agastya, the famous saint who is said to have crossed the Vindhyas first and propagated the Brahmanical culture in the South), Patinenkilkanakku, the eighteen didactical texts (comprising:
1. Nladiyar
2. Nammanikkadigai
3. Inna Narpadu
4. Iniya Narpadu
5. Kar Narpadu
6. Kalavali Narpadu
7. Aintinai Aimpadu
8. Aintinai Elupadu
9. Tinaimoli Aimpadu
10. Tinaimalai Nurraimpadu
11. Kainnilai (or Innilai)
12. Kural
13. Tirikadugam
14. Charakkovai
15. Palamoli
16. Sirupanchachamulam
17. Mudumo Likkanchi
18. Eladi),

· Silappadikaram and Manimegalai, the twin epics, remnants of poems like Togadur Yattirai and Bharatam of Perundevanar in the Sangam corpus.

· The Ettutogai and Pattupattu are together grouped as Melkanakku (the longer serials) for they consist stanzas composed of metre which permits of a larger numbers of lines.

· On the other hand the Kilkkanakku works (the shorter serials) are so called because they consist of poems composed in the Venba metre which permits on an average four lines for each stanza.

· There is another important characterization or division of Sangam literature, i.e., into Aham and Puram.

· The Puram category of literature idealizes love and aspects related to it.

· In Ula, a later day minor form of literature dealing with the ‘King’s sojourn through the streets of the capital city’ the theme is partly Puram and partly Aham but it is in fact Kaikkilai (unilateral love) aspect of Aham literature.

· The Agattiyam, composed by Agattiyar, Tolkappiyar’s real teacher and the oldest exponent of Tamil grammar is lost, except for a few sutras not by medieval commentators. Hence, Tolkappiam is the oldest Tamil literary work extant today.

· The Kural by Tiruvalluvar, a compound of the Dharmasastra, the Arthasastra and the Kamasutra, is universally regarded as a work of immense importance.

· Kakkaippadiniyam, a work on poetics by Kakkaippadiniyar; Pannirupadalam, a work on the twelve different situations in warfare by Tolkappiar and eleven others;

· Tagadur Yattirai by Panmudiyar, Arisil Kilars and other dealing with Perunjeral Irumporai’s invasion of the capital of Adihaiman Neduman Anji;

· The Bharatam by Perundevanar are some works which are lost except for a few stanzas quoted by later composers.

· Some other works mentioned by Adiyarkkunallar and which are lost to us are Perunarai, Perunkuruhu, Pancha Bharatiyam (all by Narada), Isai Nunukkam by Sikandi, Indra Kaliyam, Panchamarabu and Bharata Senapatiyam.

· All these works deal with musico Adiyarkkunallur mentions Seyirriyam, Guan Nul, Bharatam, Agattiyam, Muruval, Jayantam, Nataka-t-Tamil Nul by Mativanan as important works on dance and drama.

  · Erambam was a treatise on Mathematics mentioned by Parimelalgar.

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  1. shabeermon. MWednesday, August 24, 2011 7:20:00 AM

    Tamil is the oldest among the spoken literary languages in South India.

    • The earliest known phase of this literature is usually designated the Sangam literature for the reason that the anthologies of odes, lyrics and idylls that form the bulk of that literature were composed by a body of Tamil scholars or poets in three successive literary academies called ‘Sangam’.

    • These academies were established by the Pandyan kings.

    • The term Sangam was first referred to by Tirunavukkarasu Nayanar (Appar), the Shiva or Saiva saint belonging to the early seventh century in the Tripputtur Tiruttanndaham.

    • The next reference is to be found in the contemporary to the lraiyanar Ahappiorul belonging to the ninth century AD.

    • This text talks about three successive Sangams, i.e., first Sangam or Talai Sangam, the middle Sangam or Idai Sangam and the last Sangam or Kadai Sangam.

    • In the traditional accounts, the first Sangam was constituted at the first Pandyan capital at Ten-Madurai.

    • On the occasion of a ‘deluge’, the Pandyan capital and the Sangam was shifted to Kapatapuram, which was also engulfed by sea, and the capital as well as the Sangam were again shifted to Madhurai, an inland city.

    • On these occasions of deluge, many texts were lost.

    • Silappadikaram and Kalittogai refer to the “loss of territory by deluge”.

    • Before the seventh century AD the alternative term for Sangam was Avaiyam or Kudal or its variant Kuttu or Punarkuttu or even Togai.

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