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1. Background of the Revolutionary Politics:
- The 1857 revolt was an armed revolt which took place on a large scale spread over a vast area and participated by different sections of Indian society.
- The 1857 armed revolt failed.
- In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded which started a movement of constitutional politics.
- Along with constitutional politics a parallel movement of armed revolt was also active.
- The main aim of both the movements was the independence of India. One adopted the path of constitutional means and the other the path of armed movement.
2. Main features of Revolutionary Politics and means of their activities:
- The main objective of the revolutionaries was the freedom of India.
- They adopted the means of conveying their dissatisfaction with the British rule by killing the British officers.
- The killing of British officers was their protest against the unjust and oppressive British regime.
- The revolutionaries formed secret societies and worked through those secret societies to achieve their aims.
- They bought arms and weapons for their armed activities.
- They published newspapers in foreign countries to spread and say their viewpoint.
- They helped the revolutionary work in India from the foreign lands.
- The revolutionary leaders like Swatantryaveer Sarvarkar wrote books like the biography of Joseph Mazzini and the book, ‘The Indian War of Independence: 1857’. Similarly, Aurobindo Ghosh, Sachindranath Sanyal, Bhagat Singh and others also wrote similar tracts. They enthused the Indians for the armed struggle by such writings.
- They were pro-socialism, anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist. Bhagat Singh propagated a republican government and a society free from exploitation. (March. 97)
3. Revolutionaries of Maharashtra:
a. Vasudeve Balwant Phadke:
- Vasudev Balwant Phadke organised an armed revolt against the British government in 1876 in Maharashtra.
b. Chaphekar Brothers:
- Damodar Chapekar shot dead Mr. Rand, the Plague Commissioner of Poona on June 22, 1897.
- The three Chapekar brothers, Damodar, Balkrishna and Vasudev, were sentenced to death.
- The activity of Chapekar brothers was not guided by any association affiliation. However, many revolutionary associations came up in Maharashtra after the activity of Chapekar brothers.
4. The social background of the Revolutionary leaders:
- Most of the revolutionaries were educated and belonged to the middle class of India.
- They were highly influenced by the revolutionary national movements of 19th century world.
- They had visited foreign countries for higher education where they came under the influence of the ideology of revolutionary nationalism.
5. Activities of Revolutionaries in Foreign countries:
- Most of the revolutionaries had visited foreign countries for higher education.
- They pleaded for India in the foreign countries.
- They also helped the Indian revolutionary activities in India from their countries of visit.
- The leading revolutionaries who operated from foreign countries were Sardarsingh Rana, Madam Bhikaji Kama, Lala Hardyal, Dr. Pandurang Khankhoje, Raja Mahendra, Shyamaji Krishna Varma, Sarvarkar brothers, Madan Lal Dhingra etc.
b. Shyamaji Krishna Varma:
- Shyamaji Krishna Varma was settled in England.
- He gave shelter to revolutionary men who visited foreign countries especially England.
- He guided them and helped them in their revolutionary activities.
- He established a hostel called ‘India House’ in London. (March 2001)
- Even the leading revolutionary Sarvarkar when visited England, joined the India House revolutionary group.
c. Savarkar: (March 97)
- Vir Savarkar had participated and experienced the revolutionary activities in India before 1900.
- In 1900, he founded a revolutionary association called ‘Mitra Mela’ at Nashik.
- In 1904, he founded Abhinav Bharat, which spread his activities to wider region.
- Along with his Babarao Savarkar, he guided the revolutionary activities in India.
- In 1906, when he visited England, he joined and then dominated the activities of India House which had spread it activities to France also.
d. Activities of Revolutionaries from France:
- Senapti P. M. Bapat, Hemachandra Das and others who had gone to England shifted to France because of their revolutionary activities.
- Madam Kama guided their activities in France.
- In France, the Indian revolutionaries learned bomb making from the Russian revolutionaries who had taken asylum in France.
- They brought the knowledge of bomb making in India to use it against the British administration.
6. Revolutionaries of Bengal: (Oct. 97)
- In Bengal, Aurobindo Ghosh encouraged the youth towards the revolutionary activities through his paper ‘Vande Mataram’.
- Barinder Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath started the newspaper ‘Yugantar’ for the spread of revolutionary ideas.
- Barinder Kumar Ghosh and his associates founded revolutionary association ‘Anushilan Samiti’.
7. Bomb Culture of Revolutionaries:
- Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were the first revolutionaries which used bomb for the first time in the struggle of Indians for freedom.
- Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki tried to kill Kingsford in Bengal. They failed in their target. Prafulla Chaki committed suicide. Khudiram Bose was sentenced to death.
- Alipur Bomb Case: The British government arrested many revolutionary on finding a bomb factory in Alipur. It became popular as Alipur Bomb Case. Babarao Savarkar was sent for life imprisonment in Andaman.
- Anant Kanhere, Karve and Deshpande were hanged to death for killing Jackson, the collector of Nashik in 1909.
- In case of killing of Magistrate Jackson, V. D. Savarkar was sentence to life-imprisonment.
- By 1910, the British government was successful in containing most of the revolutionary activities involving use of firearms.
8. Suppression of Revolutionaries by the British government: Revolutionary Movements of 1912 – 1915 (Gadar Movement):
- The revolutionary activities resurfaced in 1911.
- In December 1912, a bomb was throne on Governor-General Hardinge, when he entered Delhi on Delhi becoming the capital of British India.
- Master Amir Chand, Avadhbihari, Balmukund and Vasant Kumar were sentenced to death for throwing bomb in Delhi on the governor-general.
- Rasbihari Bose escaped the arrest. He continued his activities like in Punjab and finally reached Japan.
a. Gadar Movement:
- When the suppression of the revolutionaries in India increased, Lala Hardyal shifted to America.
- In America, Lala Hardyal organised the activities of Indians in America and Canada.
- He founded Gadar Party.
- The Gadar Party planned to raise an arm revolt in India with the help of revolutionaries in India.
- However, the British government learnt about the conspiracy of the Gadar Party in time.
- The British government hanged Vishnu Pingle, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bakshis Singh in the case of Gadar party revolt in 1915.
- Rasbihari Bose, who had also participated in the Gadar activities, escaped to Japan.
9. Hindustan Republican Association:
- Sachindranath, Jogesh Chatterji, Ashfaq-ulla-Khan, Thakur Roshan Singh, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Nath Lahiri etc founded the Hindustan Republican Association, a revolutionary body, in 1924.
- The association aimed at uprooting the British government.
- The association wanted to establish a Republic of India.
- The activist of the association were caught in the famous case of Kakori rail looting case.
10. Meerut Conspiracy Case:
- The communist had great hold on the Trade Unions of India.
- On March 20, 1929, communist leaders like S. A. Dange, Nimkar, Mirajkar Ahamd, Joglekar, Sone Batliwala, Philip Sprat were arrested.
- The communist leaders were arrested on the charge conspiracy against the British government in a communist conference held in Meerut.
- The British government prosecuted them and sentenced to various punishments. The case became famous as Meerut Conspiracy Case.
11. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association:
- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrashekar Azad, Kundanlal Gupta etc formed a revolutionary association named ‘Hindustan Socialist Republic Association in 1928.
- The aim of the association was to form a socialist and republican government in India.
a. Bhagat Singh Exploded the Bomb in the Assembly: (Oct. 97) (March 98; 00)
- The British administration proposed a bill to curtain the rights of workers and political rights of the citizens.
- The Bill also aimed at suppression anti-British movement.
- Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt exploded bomb in the legislature. (Oct. 01; March 00)
- In October 1929, Lala Lajpat Rai succumbed to his injuries received during the Lathi charge on demonstrations against the Simon Commission.
- Saunders, the British officers who had ordered the Lathi charge was shot dead.
- The shooting of Saunders was blamed on Bhagat Singh and he was arrested while he was throwing un-harming bombs in the assembly.
- In 1931, Bhagat Singh hanged to death.
- Chandrashekhar Azad also died in an encounter with the British police.
12. Chittgaon Armory Looting Case: Women Revolutionaries:
- In April 1930, the revolutionaries in Bengal looted an armory in Chittgaon.
- In this robbery case, latter Suraysen and Tarakeshwar Dutt were hanged.
- Ganesh Ghosh, Kalpana Dutt were sentenced to life imprisonment.
a. Pritilata Waddedar:
- In 1932, Pritilata Waddedar killed an officer in the Officer’s club.
b. Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhari:
- Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhari, who were school going girls killed the district Magistrate of Komilla.
c. Veena Das:
- In 1932, during the convocation ceremony of Calcutta university, Veena Das shot at the Governor of Bengal.
13. Revolutionary of Punjab- Udham Singh:
- General Michel O’dwayer had ordered the killing of Jallianwalla Baugh.
- In 1940, Udham Singh killed Michel O’dwayer.
-
Facts and Figures to Remember
1. Background of the Revolutionary Politics:
Revolt of 1857 was revolutionary activity. Revolutionary movement revived with the rise of INC in 1885 with an aim of complete independence of India.
2. Features and Means of Revolutionary Politics:
Main objective was the complete freedom of India.
The means included the killing of the oppressive British officers, formation of secret societies, use arms and ammunition, publish newspapers in foreign countries, use print media for the spread of Indian nationalism, propagate ideas of socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-imperialism.
3. Revolutionaries in Maharashtra: Vasudeve Balwant Phadke, Chaphekar Brothers.
4. Social Background of Revolutionary Leaders:
They were from educated middle class. Under the influence of revolutionary national movements of the world.
5. Revolutionaries in Foreign countries: Sardarsingh Rana, Madam Bhikaji Kama, Lala Hardyal, Dr. Pandurang Khankhoje, Raja Mahendra, Shyamaji Krishna Varma, Sarvarkar brothers, Madan Lal Dhingra etc. Senapti P. M. Bapat, Hemachandra Das, Madam Kama etc were active in France.
6. Revolutionaries in Bengal: Aurbindo Ghosh, Barinder Kumar Ghosh, Bupendranath etc.
7. Bomb Culture of Revolutionaries: Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were first to use the bomb in the service of freedom struggle. Alipur Bomb Case, Nasik Bomb Case, British took successful strict steps against Bomb culture.
8. British reaction to Revolutionary activities and Gadar Movement:
Viceroy escaped bomb during new wave of revolutionary movement in 1911, Rasbihari Bose continued such activities in Punjab and Japan and ultimately established INA with Subash Chandra Bose. Gadar Movement in Punjab tried to carry the armed revolt.
9. Hindustan Republican Association: Started in 1924 and aimed at uprooting British government. Famous for Kakori rails looting.
10. Meerut Conspiracy Case: It was a conspiracy case against the communist leaders like Dange etc in 1929.
11. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association:
Formed in 1928 and famous for Chandershekar Azad, Bhagat Singh
12. Chittgaon Armory Looting Case and Women Revolutionaries:
It took place in 1930 in Bengal. It is known for women activist like Kalpana Dutt. Other revolutionary women were Pritilata Waddedar, Shanti Ghosh, Suniti Chaudhari, Veena Das etc.
13. Udham Singh- Revolutionary of Punjab:
In 1940, Udham Singh killed Michel O’dwayer who had ordered Jallianwalla Baugh massacre.
1. Background of the Revolutionary Politics:
- The 1857 revolt was an armed revolt which took place on a large scale spread over a vast area and participated by different sections of Indian society.
- The 1857 armed revolt failed.
- In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded which started a movement of constitutional politics.
- Along with constitutional politics a parallel movement of armed revolt was also active.
- The main aim of both the movements was the independence of India. One adopted the path of constitutional means and the other the path of armed movement.
2. Main features of Revolutionary Politics and means of their activities:
- The main objective of the revolutionaries was the freedom of India.
- They adopted the means of conveying their dissatisfaction with the British rule by killing the British officers.
- The killing of British officers was their protest against the unjust and oppressive British regime.
- The revolutionaries formed secret societies and worked through those secret societies to achieve their aims.
- They bought arms and weapons for their armed activities.
- They published newspapers in foreign countries to spread and say their viewpoint.
- They helped the revolutionary work in India from the foreign lands.
- The revolutionary leaders like Swatantryaveer Sarvarkar wrote books like the biography of Joseph Mazzini and the book, ‘The Indian War of Independence: 1857’. Similarly, Aurobindo Ghosh, Sachindranath Sanyal, Bhagat Singh and others also wrote similar tracts. They enthused the Indians for the armed struggle by such writings.
- They were pro-socialism, anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist. Bhagat Singh propagated a republican government and a society free from exploitation. (March. 97)
3. Revolutionaries of Maharashtra:
a. Vasudeve Balwant Phadke:
- Vasudev Balwant Phadke organised an armed revolt against the British government in 1876 in Maharashtra.
b. Chaphekar Brothers:
- Damodar Chapekar shot dead Mr. Rand, the Plague Commissioner of Poona on June 22, 1897.
- The three Chapekar brothers, Damodar, Balkrishna and Vasudev, were sentenced to death.
- The activity of Chapekar brothers was not guided by any association affiliation. However, many revolutionary associations came up in Maharashtra after the activity of Chapekar brothers.
4. The social background of the Revolutionary leaders:
- Most of the revolutionaries were educated and belonged to the middle class of India.
- They were highly influenced by the revolutionary national movements of 19th century world.
- They had visited foreign countries for higher education where they came under the influence of the ideology of revolutionary nationalism.
5. Activities of Revolutionaries in Foreign countries:
- Most of the revolutionaries had visited foreign countries for higher education.
- They pleaded for India in the foreign countries.
- They also helped the Indian revolutionary activities in India from their countries of visit.
- The leading revolutionaries who operated from foreign countries were Sardarsingh Rana, Madam Bhikaji Kama, Lala Hardyal, Dr. Pandurang Khankhoje, Raja Mahendra, Shyamaji Krishna Varma, Sarvarkar brothers, Madan Lal Dhingra etc.
b. Shyamaji Krishna Varma:
- Shyamaji Krishna Varma was settled in England.
- He gave shelter to revolutionary men who visited foreign countries especially England.
- He guided them and helped them in their revolutionary activities.
- He established a hostel called ‘India House’ in London. (March 2001)
- Even the leading revolutionary Sarvarkar when visited England, joined the India House revolutionary group.
c. Savarkar: (March 97)
- Vir Savarkar had participated and experienced the revolutionary activities in India before 1900.
- In 1900, he founded a revolutionary association called ‘Mitra Mela’ at Nashik.
- In 1904, he founded Abhinav Bharat, which spread his activities to wider region.
- Along with his Babarao Savarkar, he guided the revolutionary activities in India.
- In 1906, when he visited England, he joined and then dominated the activities of India House which had spread it activities to France also.
d. Activities of Revolutionaries from France:
- Senapti P. M. Bapat, Hemachandra Das and others who had gone to England shifted to France because of their revolutionary activities.
- Madam Kama guided their activities in France.
- In France, the Indian revolutionaries learned bomb making from the Russian revolutionaries who had taken asylum in France.
- They brought the knowledge of bomb making in India to use it against the British administration.
6. Revolutionaries of Bengal: (Oct. 97)
- In Bengal, Aurobindo Ghosh encouraged the youth towards the revolutionary activities through his paper ‘Vande Mataram’.
- Barinder Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath started the newspaper ‘Yugantar’ for the spread of revolutionary ideas.
- Barinder Kumar Ghosh and his associates founded revolutionary association ‘Anushilan Samiti’.
7. Bomb Culture of Revolutionaries:
- Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were the first revolutionaries which used bomb for the first time in the struggle of Indians for freedom.
- Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki tried to kill Kingsford in Bengal. They failed in their target. Prafulla Chaki committed suicide. Khudiram Bose was sentenced to death.
- Alipur Bomb Case: The British government arrested many revolutionary on finding a bomb factory in Alipur. It became popular as Alipur Bomb Case. Babarao Savarkar was sent for life imprisonment in Andaman.
- Anant Kanhere, Karve and Deshpande were hanged to death for killing Jackson, the collector of Nashik in 1909.
- In case of killing of Magistrate Jackson, V. D. Savarkar was sentence to life-imprisonment.
- By 1910, the British government was successful in containing most of the revolutionary activities involving use of firearms.
8. Suppression of Revolutionaries by the British government: Revolutionary Movements of 1912 – 1915 (Gadar Movement):
- The revolutionary activities resurfaced in 1911.
- In December 1912, a bomb was throne on Governor-General Hardinge, when he entered Delhi on Delhi becoming the capital of British India.
- Master Amir Chand, Avadhbihari, Balmukund and Vasant Kumar were sentenced to death for throwing bomb in Delhi on the governor-general.
- Rasbihari Bose escaped the arrest. He continued his activities like in Punjab and finally reached Japan.
a. Gadar Movement:
- When the suppression of the revolutionaries in India increased, Lala Hardyal shifted to America.
- In America, Lala Hardyal organised the activities of Indians in America and Canada.
- He founded Gadar Party.
- The Gadar Party planned to raise an arm revolt in India with the help of revolutionaries in India.
- However, the British government learnt about the conspiracy of the Gadar Party in time.
- The British government hanged Vishnu Pingle, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bakshis Singh in the case of Gadar party revolt in 1915.
- Rasbihari Bose, who had also participated in the Gadar activities, escaped to Japan.
9. Hindustan Republican Association:
- Sachindranath, Jogesh Chatterji, Ashfaq-ulla-Khan, Thakur Roshan Singh, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Nath Lahiri etc founded the Hindustan Republican Association, a revolutionary body, in 1924.
- The association aimed at uprooting the British government.
- The association wanted to establish a Republic of India.
- The activist of the association were caught in the famous case of Kakori rail looting case.
10. Meerut Conspiracy Case:
- The communist had great hold on the Trade Unions of India.
- On March 20, 1929, communist leaders like S. A. Dange, Nimkar, Mirajkar Ahamd, Joglekar, Sone Batliwala, Philip Sprat were arrested.
- The communist leaders were arrested on the charge conspiracy against the British government in a communist conference held in Meerut.
- The British government prosecuted them and sentenced to various punishments. The case became famous as Meerut Conspiracy Case.
11. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association:
- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrashekar Azad, Kundanlal Gupta etc formed a revolutionary association named ‘Hindustan Socialist Republic Association in 1928.
- The aim of the association was to form a socialist and republican government in India.
a. Bhagat Singh Exploded the Bomb in the Assembly: (Oct. 97) (March 98; 00)
- The British administration proposed a bill to curtain the rights of workers and political rights of the citizens.
- The Bill also aimed at suppression anti-British movement.
- Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt exploded bomb in the legislature. (Oct. 01; March 00)
- In October 1929, Lala Lajpat Rai succumbed to his injuries received during the Lathi charge on demonstrations against the Simon Commission.
- Saunders, the British officers who had ordered the Lathi charge was shot dead.
- The shooting of Saunders was blamed on Bhagat Singh and he was arrested while he was throwing un-harming bombs in the assembly.
- In 1931, Bhagat Singh hanged to death.
- Chandrashekhar Azad also died in an encounter with the British police.
12. Chittgaon Armory Looting Case: Women Revolutionaries:
- In April 1930, the revolutionaries in Bengal looted an armory in Chittgaon.
- In this robbery case, latter Suraysen and Tarakeshwar Dutt were hanged.
- Ganesh Ghosh, Kalpana Dutt were sentenced to life imprisonment.
a. Pritilata Waddedar:
- In 1932, Pritilata Waddedar killed an officer in the Officer’s club.
b. Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhari:
- Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhari, who were school going girls killed the district Magistrate of Komilla.
c. Veena Das:
- In 1932, during the convocation ceremony of Calcutta university, Veena Das shot at the Governor of Bengal.
13. Revolutionary of Punjab- Udham Singh:
- General Michel O’dwayer had ordered the killing of Jallianwalla Baugh.
- In 1940, Udham Singh killed Michel O’dwayer.
-
Facts and Figures to Remember
1. Background of the Revolutionary Politics:
Revolt of 1857 was revolutionary activity. Revolutionary movement revived with the rise of INC in 1885 with an aim of complete independence of India.
2. Features and Means of Revolutionary Politics:
Main objective was the complete freedom of India.
The means included the killing of the oppressive British officers, formation of secret societies, use arms and ammunition, publish newspapers in foreign countries, use print media for the spread of Indian nationalism, propagate ideas of socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-imperialism.
3. Revolutionaries in Maharashtra: Vasudeve Balwant Phadke, Chaphekar Brothers.
4. Social Background of Revolutionary Leaders:
They were from educated middle class. Under the influence of revolutionary national movements of the world.
5. Revolutionaries in Foreign countries: Sardarsingh Rana, Madam Bhikaji Kama, Lala Hardyal, Dr. Pandurang Khankhoje, Raja Mahendra, Shyamaji Krishna Varma, Sarvarkar brothers, Madan Lal Dhingra etc. Senapti P. M. Bapat, Hemachandra Das, Madam Kama etc were active in France.
6. Revolutionaries in Bengal: Aurbindo Ghosh, Barinder Kumar Ghosh, Bupendranath etc.
7. Bomb Culture of Revolutionaries: Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were first to use the bomb in the service of freedom struggle. Alipur Bomb Case, Nasik Bomb Case, British took successful strict steps against Bomb culture.
8. British reaction to Revolutionary activities and Gadar Movement:
Viceroy escaped bomb during new wave of revolutionary movement in 1911, Rasbihari Bose continued such activities in Punjab and Japan and ultimately established INA with Subash Chandra Bose. Gadar Movement in Punjab tried to carry the armed revolt.
9. Hindustan Republican Association: Started in 1924 and aimed at uprooting British government. Famous for Kakori rails looting.
10. Meerut Conspiracy Case: It was a conspiracy case against the communist leaders like Dange etc in 1929.
11. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association:
Formed in 1928 and famous for Chandershekar Azad, Bhagat Singh
12. Chittgaon Armory Looting Case and Women Revolutionaries:
It took place in 1930 in Bengal. It is known for women activist like Kalpana Dutt. Other revolutionary women were Pritilata Waddedar, Shanti Ghosh, Suniti Chaudhari, Veena Das etc.
13. Udham Singh- Revolutionary of Punjab:
In 1940, Udham Singh killed Michel O’dwayer who had ordered Jallianwalla Baugh massacre.
Please include : 'Vanchinathan (1886 – June 17, 1911), popularly known as Vanchi, was an Indian Tamil independence activist. He is best remembered for having shot dead Ashe, the Collector of Thirunelveli and having later committed suicide in order to evade arrest.'(Wikipedia)
ReplyDeleteHeramba Lal Gupta worked as an important recruiter of comrades and a leader of the India-German Committee in US and worked as an active member of the Gadhar Party. He tried to send arms and ammunition to India from US and elsewhere. He and Rash Behari Bose were saved for deportation from Japan by the great leader of the Black Dragon, Tomaya. Heramba Lal Gupta took asylum in Mexico where he was close to the great revolutionist, Pandurang Khankhoje.He died in April24, 1950 in Mexico.
ReplyDeleteIf you have any further information on Hermba Lal Gupta's life in Mexico, I would very much appreciate any help. I am a great nephew of his and am very interested in his life. Many thanks.
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