‘Anchal’ System-psc

‘Anchal’ System-psc

1-The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system.

2-The word ‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’ which means messenger.

3-Government articles and letters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people from the time of Marthanda Varma.

4-This system was modified in 959 K.E.(Kollam era).

5- Later Col. Munro introduced the ‘anchal system’

THE PORTUGUESE PERIOD-psc

THE PORTUGUESE PERIOD-psc

1-Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigatorto reach India by sea route.

2-Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May 1498.

3- He was sent to India by Portuguese king Manuel.

4-Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.

5-Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the invitation of Kolathiri Raja.

Mamankam-psc

Mamankam-psc

1-Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the festival celebrated on the banks of riverBharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram district) once in 12 years.

2-Initially it was conducted by

Valluvakonathiri.

3-Later the ‘Status of Protector’ was taken by the Zamorin.

4- The ‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by

Valluvakonathiri to take back his‘status’.

ZAMORIN IN CALICUT-psc

ZAMORIN IN CALICUT-psc

1-The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750yrs.

2-Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.

3-According to historians, the period of

zamorins started in the year 346 AD.

4- The Portughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to Calicut during the period of Manavikraman Samoothiri.

5-The first mention about the Zamorins is in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.

THIRVITHAMCORE-psc

THIRVITHAMCORE-psc

1-Trippapur Swaroopam or Thiruvitamcode was the early name of Travancore.

2-Marthandavarma followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’.

3-The absorption of Attingal, annexation of Kollam, Kayamkulam and Elayidathu Swarupam (Kottarakkara) showed the military strength of Marthandavarma.

4-By the Treaty of Mannar,Kayamkulam gave half of its territory to Travancore.

5-Later he anexed purakkad (Ambalappuzha), Vadakkumkur and Thekkumkur.

VENAD-PSC

VENAD-PSC

1-Venad was the name of ancient Travancore upto the time of Marthandavarma.

2-Vira Kerala Varma (Kulasekhara Perumal) was the first ruler.

3-The five swarupams named Venad,

Thiruvithamkodu, Trippappur, Desinganad and Chiravi were later popularly called as Travancore.

4-Venad had an important public body under the name “Six Hundred” to supervise the working  the temples and charities.

ADVENT OF RELIGIONS TO KERALA-psc

ADVENT OF RELIGIONS TO KERALA-psc

1-Ancient religion in Kerala was Dravidian in Nature.

1-Jainism reached Kerala in the 3rd Century BC.

3-Jainism in Kerala was introduced by the disciples

of Bhadrabhanu.

4-Jainism was popular in Wayanad, Palakkad and

the island regions of Travancore.

5-It has influenced the architecture of the temples

and mosques of Malabar.

6-The Koodalmanikyam Temple at Irinjalakkuda,

dedicated to Bharata was a famous Jain temple.

Early Foreign Contacts of kerala-psc

Early Foreign Contacts of kerala-psc

1-Assyrians and Babylonians were the first to have

trade relations with ancient Kerala.

2-In 1500 BC the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut, (first

woman ruler in the world), sent an expedition to Kerala for spices.

3-It is believed that Hippalus, a Greek navigator, came

to Muziris (Kodungallur) by sea in 45AD.

4-Hippalus discovered Monsoon winds in 45 AD.

5-Quilon was an important centre of Chinese trade.

Bhakti Movement in kerala-psc

Bhakti Movement in kerala-psc

1-Sankaracharya (788 - 820 AD) the great Advaita

philosopher was a younger contemporary of

Kulasekhara Alwar.

2-Sankaracharya was a Namboothiri Brahmin born

at Kaladi on the banks of river Periyar.

3-Sankaracharya propagated the Advaita philosophy

which had its roots in Upanishadic teachings.

4-Vadakke Madam, Naduvil Madam, Edayil Madam

and Thekke Madam are the four mutts founded by

Sankaracharya in Trichur.

Perumals of Mahodayapuram (800-1102 AD)

Perumals of Mahodayapuram (800-1102 AD)

1-Kulasekharas of Mahodaya puram is also known

as the Second Chera Empire.

2-Kulasekhara Varman / Ramarajasekharan /

Kulasekhara Alwar was the founder of Second Chera Empire.

3-The age of Kulasekharas is known as the ‘Golden

Age of Kerala.

4-The first king of this dynasty was Rajasekhara

devan.

5-Vazhappalli plate (AD-832) is the oldest plate of

cheras.

EZHIMALA & AY KINGDOMS-psc

EZHIMALA & AY KINGDOMS-psc

1-Ezhimala ruler Konkanam Nannan was believed to

be a contemporary of Bindhusara.

2-The dynasty which existed in the Ezhimala was the

‘Mushika Vamsa’.

3-Mushika Vamsa Mahakavya written by poet Athula

describes about Ezhimala rulers.

4-Ay dynasty belonged to the Yadava race.

5-Paliyam Copper Plate (925 AD) of Vikramaditya

Varaguna mentions about the Ay rulers.

Kerala during Sangham Age-psc.

Kerala during Sangham Age-psc.

1-Roman coins referred to in Chera and Chola inscriptions as pazhankasu.

2-The period from Istcentury AD - 5thcentury AD is

known as Sangham Age.

3-Ashokan inscriptions mention about the early

Cheras with the name Cheralamputra.

4-Vanchi, Karur, Thrikkariyur and Thiruvanchikkulam

were the capitals of Early Cheras.

5-Agriculture was the major occupation of the people

in the Sangham Period.

‘Swrupams’-psc

‘Swrupams’-psc

1-Nediyiruppu Swarupam.................... Kozhikkodu

2-Perumpadappu Swarupam ..........................Cochi

3-Ilayidathu Swarupam ...................... Kottarakkara

4-Thrippappur Swarupam............. Thiruvithamcore

5-Elangalloor Swarupam.......................... Edappalli

6-Padinjattedathu Swarupam............ Kodungalloor

7-Arangottu Swarupam.......................Valluvanadu

8-Tharoor Swarupam ............................. Palakkadu

9-Thanoor Swarupam........................ Vettathunadu

Muziris-psc

Muziris-psc

*Kodungalloor is the present name of ancient port,

Muziris.  It was also the trade centre with Romans.

It was known by differ ent names such as

‘Murichipathanam’ in Ramayana, ‘Muchiri’ in Tamil

works, ‘Muyiricode’ in Jewish Plate etc.  The ancient historian plini mentions that Muziris was an

important  port in ancient India.  It is also believed

that the birth place of Aryabhatta (the ancient astronomer), Ashmakam is in Kodungalloor.  Muziris

lost its importance due to the flood in Periyar in the

year 1341.  This lead to the coming up of Cochi port

PRE-HISTORIC KERALA-psc

PRE-HISTORIC KERALA-psc

1-The meglithic monuments include the dolmens, cists,

rock-cut caves, thopikallu, pulachikallu, kudakkallu

etc.  All of them are associated with burial system.

‘Nannangadi’ was the burial jar.

2-The important palaeolithic sites are valuvasseri

(Nilambur) and Tenkara (Palaghat)

3-The mesolithic sites are Walayar (Palaghat),Mankara,

Tenmalai (Kollam)

4-Kerala is believed to have originated by the withdrawal of sea, when Parasurama threw his axe from Gokarnam to Kanyakumary.

5-The oldest book which mentions about kerala is

‘Ithareyaranyakam’.

Note on the Spread of Mutiny and Civil Rebellion During 1857-58

Note on the Spread of Mutiny and Civil Rebellion During 1857-58

1-2 l-‘ebruary 1857 - Mutiny of the 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur.

2-10 May 1857 - Mutiny of Sepoys at Meerut.

3-11-30 May 1857-Outbreaks in Delhi. Ferozepur. Bombay. Aligarh. Etawah. Bulandshahr. Nasirabad.

Bareilly. Moradabad, Shahjehanpur and other stations in UP.

4-The Mughal Emperor proclaimed as the Emperor of India.

5-June 1857 - Mutinies at Gwalior, Bharatpur. Jhansi. Allahabad. Faizabad. Sultanpur. Lucknow etc.

The Revolt of 1857-ugc

The Revolt of 1857-ugc

The Beginning

1-The earliest incident being the revolt in the 19th Native Infantry in Berhampur.

2-29th March 1S57— First spark of revolt at Barrackpore in Bengal where Mangal Pandey killed the

British adjutant and was later hanged for tiring on senior officers.

3-10th May IS57—Ninety sepoys of 3rd Native Regiment at Meerut revolted on the issue of the greased

cartridges. After their trial and execution, entire garrison in Meerut revolted and raised the cry of ‘Delhi

Chalo’.

Economic & Commercial Policy of british in india

Economic & Commercial Policy of British in India

The British conquerors were entirely different from the previous conquerors. Through laws and administrative, economic and fiscal policies, the British government in England and Company’s administration in India used their powers to the advantage of British manufacturers and to the detriment of the Indian socio-political and economic fabric.

 The gradual “development of underdevelopment’ has been traced through the three stages of Britis

Colonialism by R. R Dutta in his classic work “India Today”.

CLASSICAL WRITERS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES

CLASSICAL WRITERS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES

Author                                    Work(s)

1-Abdul Hamir Lathori ...... Padshahnama

2-Al-beruni ........................ Kitab-i-Rahla

3-AH Muhammad Khan .....Mirat-i-Muluk

4-Amar Simha.....................Amarkosa

5-Amir Khusrau .................Tarikh-i-Alai

6-Arybhatta......................... Surya Sidhanta

7-Asvaghosha ..................... Bhuddha Charita

8-Ayapa Senani ...................Nrutyaratnakaram

9-Babur ................................Tuzuk-i-Baburi

10-Banabuatta...................... Kadambari, Harshacharita

Important Foreign Travellers/Envoys to India

Important Foreign Travelers/Envoys to India

1-Megasthenes (302-298 B.C.): An ambassador of Seleucus Nieator. who visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote an interesting book India in which he gave a vivid account of

Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.

2-Fa-Hsien (405-411 A.I).): He came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II Vikiamaditya. The

object of his visit was to see the holy places of Buddhism and to collect Buddhist hooks and relics. He

was the first Chinese pilgrim to visit India.

3-Hiuen-Tsang (also spelt Yuan Chwang) (630-645 A.D):He usiied India during the reign of Harsha.

4-1-tsing (671-695 A.D): A Chinese traveller, he visited India in connection with Buddhism. His work

Biographies of eminent Monks, provides us useful information about the social, religious and cultural

life of the people of this country.

5-Al-Masudi (957 A.D): An Arab traveller, he has given an extensive account of India in his work

Murujul Zahab.

Expansion of British empire through war’s-ugc

Expansion of British empire through war’s

1-Anglo Mysore Wars

1-First War (1766-69) Haider Ali defeated the British. Treaty of Madras signed

2-Second War (1780-84). Warren Hastings attacked French port Mahe. which was in Hyder Ali’s territory.

3-Hyder Ali led a joint front with Nizam and Marathas and captured Arcot.

4-In 1781 Hyder Ali was defeated at Porto Novo by Eyre Coot.

5-Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was signed by Tipu Sultan.

The East India Company and the Bengal Nawabs

The East India Company and the Bengal Nawabs

Siraj ud Daula (1756-57)

1-He seiged the English factory at Kasimbazar. On 20th June 1756, Fort William surrendered but Robert Clive recovered Calcutta.

2-On 2nd January 1757, Treaty of Alinagar was signed, whereby Siraj conceded practically all the

demands.

3-British then captured Chandernagore. the French settlement, on March1757.

How to prepare a History project

How to prepare a History  project

In order to attain the curriculum objective in history,different strategies are to be adopted in the learning process.

1-Project

Project have great significance in the study of history.it is a purposeful activity.An important objective of learning history is to acquire competence in finding out solutions to the problems around us.Solution to a problematic situation can be found out only by observing facts related to it,collecting data,analyzing them and formulating conclusions.The project method lays great stress on the actual action or activity on the part of the learners.Nothing is imposed upon them from outside,not even from the teacher,who takes upon himself only the duties of an adviser and guide.

SHIVAJI'S ASHTAPRADHAN-ugc

SHIVAJI'S ASHTAPRADHAN-ugc

They included:

1- Peshwa—Also called “Mukhya Pradhan” Finance and general administration; later he became Prime Minister and assumed great importance.

2-Sar-i-Naubat—Senapati or military commander: this was only an honorary post with no real military powers.

3- Majumdar or Ainatya—Accountant general during the rule of the Peshwas; he later became revenue and

finance minister.

4-Waqenavis— Intelligence, posts and household affairs.

5-Surunavis or Sachiv—Also called chitnis, looked after correspondence.

6-Dabir or Suriiania— Master of ceremonies.

7-Nyayadhish— Justice.

8-Pandit Rao— Charities and religious affairs.

Shivaji (1627-80)-ugc

Shivaji (1627-80)-ugc

1-Born at Shivneri to Shahji Bhonsle and Jija Bai. he inherited the Jagir o( Poona from his lather ill 1637.

 2-After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev, in 1647, he assumed full charge of his jagir.

3- Before that, at the age of 18,he conquered Torna,built forts at Raigarh & Pratapgarh (1645-47).

4-Afzal Khan was deputed by the Adil Shah ruler to punish Shivaji, but the later murdered Afzal in 1659.