Some Mughal officials-psc

Some Mughal officials-psc

Wazir -Akbar abolished the post of all-powerful Wazir. He became the head of the revenue department Also known as Diwan-i-ala.

Diwan -Responsible for all income and expenditure and had control over Khalisa and jagir land.

Mir Bakshi -Headed military department, nobility, information and intelligence agencies.

Mir Soman- Incharge of Imperial household and Karkhanas.

Diwan-i-Bayutat- Maintained roads, government buildings etc. and worked under Mir Saman.

Sadr us Sadr -Incharge of charitable and religious endowments

Qazi id Quzat -Headed the Judiciary department

Muhtasib Censor of Public Morals.

Regional Architecture during the mughal’s-ugc

Regional Architecture during the mughal’s-ugc

Jaunpur

1-Tughlaq influence on the Sharqi architecture is seen in the use of arch and beam, and battering walls.

2-Propylons (huge recessed arch framed by tapering square minars divided into registers) have been used in

Atala Masjid (Ibrahim Shah) and Jami Masjid (Hussain Shah).

MUGHAL PAINTING-ugc

MUGHAL PAINTING-ugc

 1-The Mughals introduced new themes depicting the conn, battle scenes and the chase and added new

colours (Peacock blue and Indian red).

2-Humayun had taken into his service two master painters Mir Syed Ali and Abdus Samad.

3-Jaswant and Dasawan were two famous painters of Akbar’s court.

4-Apart from illustrating Persian books of fables (Hamzanama), the painters illustrated Razamnama (Mahabharta) and Akbaranama.

Mughal Architecture-ugc

Mughal Architecture-ugc

 Babar

1-Babar’s built two mosques one at Kabulibagh in Panipat and the other at Sambhal in Rohilkhand.

Humayun

2-Humayun laid the foundation of the city Din Panah at Delhi.

3-Humayun’s tomb is called the proto type of Taj Mahal. It has a double dome of marble, while the central dome is octagonal. It was built by his widow Haji Begum.

4-The garden and the gateway are to be found in all Mughal-style tombs.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)-ugc

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)-ugc

1-He defeated Dara (1659).

2-He took the title of ‘Alamgir’ in 1659.

3-He was called as Zinda Pir, the living saint.

4-In 1662, Mir Jumla, Aurangzeb’s ablest general led the expedition against Ahoms.

5-He forbade inscription of Kalma on the coins.

6-He ended the celebration of Navroz festival.

Shahjahan (1628-58)-ugc

Shahjahan (1628-58)-ugc

1-In 1612 he married Arzmand Banu Begum who became famous as Mumtaz Mahal

2-In 1632, he defeated Potugese and annexed Ahmednager in 1636

3-Shahjahan’s reign is described by French traveller Bernier and Tavernier and the Italian traveller Manucci. Peter Mundi described the famine that occured during Shah Jahan’s time.

Jahangir (1605-27)-ugc

Jahangir (1605-27)-ugc

1-His wife, Nurjahan (daughter of Itimad-daulah) exercised tremendous influence over the state

affairs. She was made the official Padshah Begum.

2-Jahangir banned slaughter of animals on Sunday and Thursday.

3-He established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for the seekers of royal justice.

AKBAR'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES-ugc

AKBAR'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES-ugc

1- He abolished Jaziya and pilgrimage tax and forcible conversion of

prisoners of war.

2-He built an Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri to discuss religious matters. He invited many distinguished persons.

3-To curb the dominance of Ulema. Akbar introduced a new Khutba. written by Faizi and proclaimed

Mahzarnama in 1579.

Sher Shah (1540-1545)-ugc

Sher Shah (1540-1545)-ugc

1-He was born to Hasan, (the Jagirdar of Kwaspur, Sahasram and Hajipur Tanda) as Farid.

2-Ibrahim lodi transferred his father’s

Jagir to him.

3- In 1527-28-he joined Babur’s service and then returned to Bihar as deputy governor and guardian of the minor king

Jalal Khan Lohani.

4- He aidedMahmud Lodi at Ghagra.

5-1530-he usurps throne as Hazarat-i-Ala.

Humayun (1530-40; 1555-56)-ugc

Humayun (1530-40; 1555-56)-ugc

1-Campaigns 1530 Kalinjar : The Raja offered nominal submission.

2-1532 - Muhamud Lodi defeated at Daubrua.

3-1533 - Siege of Chunar. Slier Khan (later Slier Shah) offered nominal submission by sending son Qutb Khan to Humayun’s court.

4-Humayun then built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital.

Babur (1484-1530)

Babur (1484-1530)-ugc

1-Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, descended from his father’s side in the 5th generation from Timur. and through his mother in the 15th generation from Chenghiz Khan.

2-Reasons for his Indian expedition were;

a-TheOttomans defeated the Safavids and the Uzbeks controlled Trans oxiana forcing Babur’s imperial

impulses towards India.

b-Meagre income of Kabul

c-Desire to emulate Timur

Hindu Religious Ideas-ugc

Hindu Religious Ideas-ugc

1-Vishishtadvaita of Ramanuja

It means qualified monoism. The ultimate reality according to it is Brahma (God) who is imminent in matter and individual souls and controls them from within.

2-Sivadvaita of Srikanthacharya

He propounded the view that Shiva endowed with Shakti is ultimate Brahma who pervades the universe and exists beyond it.

3-Dvaita ofMadhavachaiya

According to this dualism the world is not an illusion but

reality full of real distinctions. God, matter and soul are all unique in their nature and are irreducible to each other.

Bhakti Saints of medieval india-psc

Bhakti Saints of medieval india-psc

1-Ramanuja - In 11th century Ramanuja tried to assimilate Bhakti to the tradition of Vedas. He argued

that grace of God was more important than knowledge about him in order to attain salvation. The tradition

established by Ramanuja was followed by number of thinkers such as Madhavacharya, Ramananda,

Vallabhacharya and others.

Some Landmarks under sultanate-ugc & psc

Some Landmarks under sultanate-ugc & psc

1-Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque, Delhi— Qutub-ud-din Aibak.

2-Arhai Din Ka Jhopra, Ajmer—Qutb-ud-din Aibak.

3-Qutub Minar—lltutmish.

4-Alauddin Khilji was responsible for construction of Jamaat Khan Masjid at the Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya and Alai Darwaja at Qutub. The other monuments at Delhi were city of 5//”/ and the Hauz-i-Alai or Hauz-i-Khas tank. He also constructed palace ol thousand pillars called Hazar Situn.

Sufism-ugc

Sufism-ugc

1-Those saints among the Muslims who advocated a life of purity and renunciation were called Sufis. Another view is that the word Sufi came out of the word Sooph meaning wool.

2-Sufism sprang from the doctrine of Wahadat-ul wajud or unity of being. This doctrine was propounded by lbn-

Ul-Arabi(1165-1240AD).

3-One of the earliest Sufis was a woman saint Rabia of Basra who laid great emphasis on love as bond between

god and individual soul

4-The Sufis were organized in 12 order or Sitsilas. The silsilas were generally led by a prominent mystic who

lived in Khanqah along with his disciples.

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Subhash Chandra Bose-ugc

Subhash Chandra Bose-ugc

 

Subhash Chandra Bose (January 23, 1897-August 18, 1945) also known as Netaji, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Bose helped to organize and later led the Indian National Army, put together with Indian prisoners-of-war and plantation workers from Singapore and other parts of Southeast Asia.

Lala Lajpat Rai-ugc

Lala Lajpat Rai-ugc

 Born: January 28, 1865
Martyrdom: November17, 1928

Achievements

1-Popularly known as Lala Lajpat Rai; Founded the Indian Home League Society of America; became Congress President in 1920.

2-Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the foremost leaders who fought against British rule in India. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Lion of the Punjab).

Art and Architecture under Sultanate-ugc

Art and Architecture under Sultanate

The assimilation of different styles and elements to create a new one is well represented by the architecture of the Sultanate period. Many of the characteristics of Indian architecture are obvious in the buildings of the Muslim rulers. This was because though the buildings were designed by Muslim architects to suit the requirements of their religious ideas, Hindu craftsmen actually built them. The new features brought by the Turkish conquerors were:

(i) the dome;

(ii) lofty towers:

(iii) the true arch unsupported by beam:

(iv) h vault.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq-ugc

Firoz Shah Tughlaq-ugc

1-After his accession Firoz Tughlaq was faced with the problem of preventing the imminent break up of Delhi

Sultunate. He adopted the police of trying to appease the nobility, the army and theologians and of asserting his authority over only such areas, which could be easily administered from the centre. He therefore made no attempt to re-assert his authority over South India and Deccan.

Literature-ugc

Literature-ugc

BOOK                      AUTHOR

Khazyan-ul-Futuh= Amir Khusro

Tughluq Nama      = Amir Khusro

Tarik-i-Alai           =Amir Khusro

Tabqat-i-Naisiri     =Minhaj-us-Siraj

Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi = Zia-ud-din Barni

Gila Govind           =Jayadeva

Sasttra Dipika         =Parthasarthi Misra

Mitakshara            =Vighanes Vara

Dayabhaga            =Jimuta Vahana

Nagachandra         =Pampa Ramayan

Alhakhandra          =Jagnayak

Hammir Raso        = Sarangdhara

Ashiqa                    =Amir Khusro

Amuktamalyada     = Krishnadeva Raya

Futuhat-l-Firozshahi     =FirozShah

Prasana Raghava        =Jayadeva

Hamir-Mada-Mardana=. Jay Singh Sun

Pradyumnabhyadaya  = Ravi Verman

Parvati Parinay        = Vaman Bhatta Bana..

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq-ugc

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq-ugc

1-He tried to introduce many administrative reforms.

2-He had five ambitious projects for which he has become particularly debatable.

a) Taxation in the Doab: The Sultan made an ill-advised financial experiment in the Doab between the Ganges andJamuna. He not only increased the rate of taxation but also revived and created some additional Abwabs or cessess. Although the share of the state remained half as in time of Alauddin. it was fixed arbitrarily not on the basis of actual produce. Prices were also fixed artificially for converting the produce into money. It is said that the increase was twenty-fold and to this were added Ghan or House tax and the ‘Charahi’ of pasture tax.

Amir Khusro-ugc

Amir Khusro-ugc

1-Amir Khusro was a prolific Persian poet (1253-1325 AD) associated with royal courts of more than seven rulers of DelhiSultanate.

2-Amir Khusro was a genius of those times. A very versatile person, he was a soldier, a composer of poetry in Arabic, Persian,Urdu, and a diplomat, shrewd in Court matters and was also a good musician.

3-He accompanied Allauddin Khalji, when he conquered the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri.As a result of fusion of musical thoughts of Amir Khusro, many innovations took place.

4- One of them was the present day Khayal that evolved around the fourteenth century.

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban-ugc

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban-ugc

1-Balban ascended the throne in 1265 AD.

2-He broke the power of chahalgani and restored the prestige of the crown. That was his greatest

contribution towards the stability of the Sultanate

3-To keep himself well-informed Balban appointed spies

4-He created a strong centralized army to deal with internal disturbances and to check Mongols who were posing u serious danger to Delhi Sultanate.

Alauddin Khalji-ugc

Alauddin Khalji-ugc

1-Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne after getting his uncle Jalal-ud-din murdered.

2-He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed -

“Kingship knows no Kinship”.

3-Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298 AD), Ranthambhor (1301 AD). Mewar (1303 AD), Malwa(1305 AD), Jalor (1311 AD). In Deccan. Alauddin’s army led by Malik Kafur defeated Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of Warrangal, Hoysalas of Dwarsamudra and Pandyas of Madurai.

Buddhism-ugc

Buddhism-ugc

Buddha's Life

1-Gautama, the Buddha also known as Siddhartha, Sakyamuni and Tathagata.

2-Born in 563 BC (widely accepted), on the vaisakha purnima day at Lumbini, near Kapilvastu, capital of the Sakya republic.

3-Left home at the age of 29 and attained Nirvana at the age of 35 at Bodh Gaya.

4-Delivered his first sermon at Sarnath.

5-He attained Mahaparinirvana at Kusinara in 483 BC.

Jainism-ugc

Jainism-ugc

LIFE OF MAHAVIRA

1-Born in 540 BC at Kundagrama near Vaisali.

2-Siddhartha was his father: Trisala his mother, Yasoda his wife and Jameli was the daughter.

3-Attained Kaivalya at Jrimbhikagrama in eastern India at the age of 42.

4-Died at the age of 72 in 468 BC at Pavapuri near

Rajagriha.

5-He was called Jina or Jitendriya, Nirgrantha and Mahavira

Ajanta Paintings-ugc

Ajanta Paintings-ugc

 In A.D 1817, some British soldiers chanced upon a collection of caves in a horseshoe shaped ravine close

to Aurangabad lying abandoned. This was when the an of Ajanta was exposed to the enthralled world. Started

in the second century BC and given up some time in the seventh century AD this complex of 29 chaitya and

vihara caves were chiselled into live rock and are host to some of the best preserved paintings and sculptures of the Gupta period. The themes of the paintings on ihe walls are religious in tone and center around Buddha. Bodhisattva.and the Jatakas. The depiction of the Jatakas and incidents from the life of Buddha (which offer visual representations of didactic themes to supplement the teachings of the elder monks to their pupils), offered the painter an unlimited scope. The paintings at Ajanta were mirrors of the contemporary life in the palace, court,town, village, hamlet and hermitage.