Historical Tourism Module No 111

Hill Stations in Kerala

Whenever one remembers Kerala, an incessant image of backwaters, beautiful beaches, lush green vegetation and untamed wildlife comes to mind. But, Kerala has much more than this, dressed on its exotic platter. Located on the remotest corners on the cliffs and the ravines of the Western Ghats, Kerala, a heaven on earth, is well renowned for its hill stations. The hill stations of Kerala are lush greens abodes of rich flora and fauna.

The Western Ghats are the main reason for the equitable and sub tropical climatic conditions of Kerala. Its location is also another reason why this state receives heavy rainfall. If you are seeking a retreat from the heat and thinking of enjoying the cozy comfort of Nature or wish to trek on the woody mountain trails or if you are simply answering the "call of the mountains", the hill stations of Kerala is the answer to all these questions. Here, you come across various mountain streams along with undulating flora and enticing fauna. If there is a place you can go to forget your hassles and a place where you can stay away from the routine it will surely be a hill station in Kerala.

Idukki, Munnar, Thekkady and Pullumedu are among the major hill stations of Kerala. Vandanmedu, Chellarkovil, Vandiperiyar and Pattumala are among the other hill stations of Kerala. Pullumedu is a lush green hill station that offers the sights of nearby shrines and pilgrimages. Next is Vandanmedu, which is the major sight for the largest auction of cardamom in India. Chellarkovil is one of the mystic hill stations in Kerala, as it is home to a number of waterfalls. Vandiperiyar too is a popular spot for visitors. It is nicely snuggled between a few major pilgrimage sites of Kerala and temples. Pattumala, last but not the least, is a nature photographer's dream, as it is full of exotic flora and fauna. All these hill stations make Kerala the ‘God’s Own Country!’

Idukki

Idukki is a significant tourist destination in the map of Kerala. The hill station is immensely appealing for travelers seeking an escape to the mist layered mountains. Situated on the panoramic heights of the Western Ghats, the district is surrounded by mountains. The name ‘Idukki’ is the modified version of the Malayalam word ‘Idukku’, literally meaning ‘a narrow gorge’. Idukki district is not very big in area. However, even in the small area, you will find stupendous variety of flora and abundant wildlife. Since the hill station is one of the hotspots for tourists coming to Kerala, it is well connected to the nearby districts of the state, via road. In fact, the transportation system here is impeccably accurate and punctual.

Apart from the natural beauty, a few other manmade things are also popular in Idukki, such as the spice plantations and architecturally perfect monuments. The hill station is a place for adventure with a difference. Idukki's mountains and forests cover almost 97% of its area. The mountains in this part of Kerala rise to an average height of 2000mts. Anamudi, the tallest peak in South India, is also located near the hill station. Historical evidences support the fact that Idukki was once a part of the Chera dynasty. Later, it was ruled by the Kingdom of Vembolinad from 9th to 12th century AD. However, not much is in the scriptures about the ancient history of the place. The place owes its beauty to array of beautiful bungalows and tea factories, which belong to European planters. European planters visited this region in the 19th century and began modernization, to get the maximum out of the plantations. With this rich history, Idukki surely is one of the must-visit hill stations in Kerala.

The Idukki hill station is bordered on three sides by mountains and it is also girded by three rivers namely Periyar, Thalayar and Thodupuzhyar and their tributaries. Pamba also originates from the mountains here, it is considered sacred by people who live in Kerala. Idukki is splendid with natural landscapes, elephant rides and a number of mountain treks. The landscapes are anyways incomparable and unique all across India. Idukki also has an arch dam which is Asia's first such dam and world's second. Along with this dam of 650 feet length and 550 feet height, two other dams are also located in Kulmavu and Cherunthony, which form a habitat for exotic flora and fauna. Idukki is one of the nature's richest places in the world.

Wayanad

Situated among the misty mountains of the Western Ghats, Wayanad is a natural paradise. The hill station is among the top tourist attractions of Kerala. It is located on a high, scenic and rocky plateau of the Western Ghats. Wayanad lies between north latitude 11 degree 26'28'' and 11 degree 48'22'' and east longitude 75 degree 46'38'' and 76 degree 26'11''. With mist clad hills, Wayanad is sanctified with an exclusive topographical position. Vivid, captivating and pure land of Wayanad is filled with customs and boasts of a rich cultural heritage. The hill has great profusion of flora and fauna.

The hill station is located on the southern part of the Deccan plateau, looking down at the majestic Western Ghats. Lofty ridges and rugged terrain sprinkled with dense forest, tangled jungles and cavernous valleys make this place heaven on earth. The hill station is clean, as it is meagerly inhibited. This helps the place to maintain its natural beauty. Wayanad enjoys a clean atmosphere throughout the year. The mean average rain fall in this district is 2322 m.m. Lakkidi, Vythiri and Meppadi are the areas which receive highest rainfall in Wayanad. The hill station is strategically located in the vicinity of prime tourist attractions of south India, including Mysore, Ooty, Coorg Bangalore, and Kannur.

The plantations of coffee, tea, cardamom, pepper and rubber are located all over the hill station of Wayanad. The eastern side of Wayanad is bound by the Nilgiris and Mysore. Coorg district of Karnataka borders the hill station in its northern side, while Malappuram district of Kerala is located to the south of the hill station. Wayanad shares its border with Calicut and Cannanore districts of Kerala, in the west. Several opportunities for adventure tourism are offered by Wayanad. The place offers excellent opportunities for locating wildlife.

One can comfortably reach Wayanad via road. Due to its remote location, it is difficult to reach the hill station by air or by rail. Wayanad is well connected and is networked such that getting a public transport even during the odd hours is not a problem. Kerala Tourism Department has taken the responsibility of providing good transportation to important tourist attractions of the state, such as Wayanad.

FORTS OF KERALA

Kerala has been the hub of culture, power, politics and a number of art forms throughout history of southern India. It is known worldwide for its historical heritage and picturesque beauty. Thanks to its varied natural beauty that Kerala is one of the most colorful and beautiful states of India. In the past, Kerala witnessed the incursion of various foreign powers, which settled down in various parts of the state. Due to this, Kerala has got a number of forts and palaces. 

Each fort in Kerala is a piece of art, as most of the forts were built by different foreign invaders and native rulers. These forts depict a fusion of traditional Kerala and various foreign styles of architecture. Each of these forts has a different story to tell. These stories are etched on the walls of these forts, in the form of murals and other artistic works. Forts in Kerala say the story of finesse. Each of these wonderful pieces of construction stands at a location covered with scenic beauty. Thus, it makes the forts in Kerala equally enticing for tourists and scholars.

Palakkad Fort

The Tipu's Fort, also known as Palakkad Fort, stands in the heart of Palakkad town. Palakkad is a small town on the lower edges of the Sahyadri ranges of the Western Ghats, with patches of dense forests and crisscrossed with rivers. One of the well preserved forts in south India, Tipu's Fort was constructed in 1766 AD and is today a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The sober majesty of the laterite walls of the fort reminds one of the old tales of valour and courage.

According to the historical records, King of Palakkad, Achchan used to be a part of the Zamorin. However, with time, he detached himself of the rule of the Zamorins and crafted an independent state for himself. When the Zamorins attacked him, he asked for the help of Hyder Ali, who, knowing the strategic importance of Palghat, gamely took over Palakkad .The fort was built by Hyder Ali (1717 - 1782), the emperor of Mysore province (now part of Karnataka State), supposedly to facilitate communication between both sides of the Western Ghats, (Coimbatore and the West Coast). He had captured the Malabar and Kochi regions which come under the West Coast area. His son Tipu Sultan (1750 - 1799) a warrior as well as a linguist was known as the 'Tiger of Mysore'. Tipu waged a series of wars against the British colonial rule.

In 1784, after an eleven-day seige, the fort was captured by the British under Colonel Fullerton. Though it later fell into the hands of the troops of the Kozhikode Zamorin, it was recaptured by the British in 1790. Tipu Sultan lost his life in 1799 in an encounter with the British and the fort later came to be known in his name.

Palakkad Fort has seen a number of rulers and has changed hands a number of times. It was taken by Colonel Wood in the year 1768. However, it was recaptured by Hyder Ali within a few months time. The fort was also captured by Colonel Fullarton in 1783 but he soon abandoned it. Later, the Zamorin troops captured it. In1790, the British invaded Palakkad Fort and recaptured it under the leadership of Colonel Stuart. They renovated it and used it as the base for their operations in this part of Kerala. The Fort was continually garrisoned until the middle of nineteenth century. Later in the twentieth century the Fort was converted in to a Taluk Office.

Attractions
Palakkad Fort is a unique piece of architecture. It stands at Palakkad telling the stories of a number of battles and bloodshed, which were fought between the native kings and British. There is a large ground situated at the middle of the Fort. This is the ground which once served as the stable for the steeds and elephants, which were a part of Tippu Sultan's massive army. Presently, the ground is being used for sporting activities, such as local cricket matches, and public meetings. There is a small Anjaneya Temple, dedicated to lord Hanuman, inside the fort. 

Bekal Fort

Bekal Fort is one of the largest preserved forts in Kasargod district of Kerala. The fort gets its uniqueness quotient from its exotic structure, which is shaped in the form of a keyhole. It was exclusively meant for the purpose of providing defence to the territory. Bekal Fort is prominent, because unlike most of the Indian forts, this monument does not have a palace or a mansion. For that matter, even the remains of any such structure cannot be found in Bekal Fort. The holes which are made on the outer walls of the structure are specially designed, so that the fort could be defended in case of a war. The holes on top are designed to aim at the farthest enemy, while the holes which are lower on the wall are for striking when the enemy is approaching. This shows how much time and hard work was spent in forming the design of the Fort.

History
During Kolathiri kingdom's reign( Kannur), Vekkolath Fort was identified by a number of scholars as the Bekal Fort. It is supposed that later the Bednore rulers rebuilt the fort and heavy renovations were done to improve it. Bekal Fort has supposedly served the Nayakas in establishing their dominance in the then called Malabar region. Later, the Nayakas found out the economic importance of the port and hence, they fortified the Bekal Fort subsequently. 

The renovations of Bekal Fort were started during the reign of Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka. The renovations were finished during the period of Shivappa Nayaka - both of these rulers were of the Nayaka clan. The Nayakas needed the speedy completion of Bekal Fort's construction, so that they could use it for the defense of the port and also to curb any other overseas attack on the Malabar territory. For the same reasons, Chandragiri Fort was also erected by the Nayakas. 

Later on, Bekal Fort came under the majestic Tippu Sultan when he led a great military expedition to add the Malabar to his territory. Excavations were done in and near Bekal Fort, which led to the discovery of a number of coins and other artifacts that support the fact that the Bekal fort remained under the rule of a number of Sultans of Mysore. After the death of Tippu at the Anglo-Mysore war, the Fort came under the influence of British East India Company. Nowadays, the protection and maintenance has been undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Attractions
The main attraction of Bekal fort is its architecture. The Fort has been constructed, keeping in mind its military importance. There is a unique secret tunnel end inside the fort, which eventually leads to the outside wall of the fort facing the Arabian Sea. The fort is built in such a manner that three-fourth of the exterior is drenched and the citadel is continuously stoked by sea waves. The fort was strategically built at this place. It has zigzag entrance, which kept the enemy under a watch for longer period of time. The trenches are purposely made to secure the fort. There is a sea bastion which is located on the rocky projection. From the west side of the fort, one can enjoy the beautiful view of the sea and the beach.

St. Angelo's Fort  or Kannur Fort,

Also known as Kannur Fort, St. Angelo's Fort, is one of the prominent tourist attractions of Kerala, is crafted entirely out of laterite and thus it sports an old sporadic look. The fort is an architectural epiphany, with its massive triangular design and it adjoining bastions. The protected monument is replete with a big moat which runs around the fort. This famous fort was constructed by the first Portuguese viceroy in India, Don Francesco de Almeida in the year 1505. The fort is situated just 3km west from the town of Kannur. From the fort one can run his eyes on the Moppila Bay and Dharmadom Island, which are situated near the fort. The beautiful Dharmadom Island is a small island just five acres in area and is located just 100 meters away from the coast in the Arabian Sea. The Moppila Bay is a natural fishing bay, which is until now used for the same purpose. St. Angelo's Fort, which faces the Arabian Sea, provides a mesmerizing view of the Sea during sunrise and sunset. 

History
St. Angelo's Fort has an interesting historical background, as it has seen a number of rulers and invaders. This fort has also seen a number of battles almost all were fought for gaining the possession of this fort. After the construction of this fort in 1505 by Don Francesco de Almeida, it constantly remained under attacks from a number of native rulers in the Siege of Kannur in 1507. However, all their efforts were in vain, as the Fort provided its inhabitants security from any kind of attack. Later on, Almeida refused to surrender the fort to Afonso de Albuquerque who came to supersede himself as the new Governor. Almeida instead captured Afonso de Albuquerque and imprisoned him inside the Fort. 

In the year 1663, the Dutch captured the Kannur Fort from the Portuguese. They modernized the fort by adding the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia and Frieslandia which are the major features of the present structure of St Angelo's Fort. The original Portuguese Structure was pulled down later. The Dutch later on sold the fort to a native king Ali Raja of Arakkal, in the year 1772. But in 1790 the British seized the Fort, renovated it into a military base and used it as their chief military station in Malabar. Today, St. Angelo’s Fort or Kannur Fort is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, which takes care of its maintenance.

Attractions
Kannur Fort, after much renovation, remains a classic example of Portuguese architecture, though modernization throughout time makes it more of a fusion of various European architectural styles. St. Angelo's Fort has an interesting feature which is worth mentioning, when it comes to its architecture. A wall protruding from the Fort separates the saline sea water of the Arabian Sea from the inland water. The Moppila Bay is now turned into a modern fishing harbor with modern fishing equipments, which is an Indo-Norwegian Project. The adjoining bastions, which give the fort a triangular form, are a piece of architectural mastery. 

Kerala has a rich historical and cultural legacy, which is evident from the number of monuments and other architectural marvels it has. Visiting Kerala is a unique experience in itself, as the state instills in you a sense of adoration and proud, when you have a look at the abundant natural as well as cultural wealth scattered in this state. Kerala has a diverse culture, because it was ruled by a number of foreign invaders as well as native Indian rulers. In the past, it used to be the seat of the prominent rulers of south. Home to a number of ports, the state was also the hub of trade and commerce. This fact made it all the more wanted amongst a number of foreign and native rulers. There are a number of monuments in Kerala, which tell the stories of these invasions and successions. With each succession, a monument was erected to make the succession memorable. Though the kings and generals have become history now, but the monuments in Kerala still remain standings as the memoirs of History.

Padmanabhapuram palace

Padmanabhapuram palace is located inside the Padmanabhapuram Fort whose expanse is almost four kilometers. The magnificent palace is located in Thuckalay, in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, at the foot of Velli hills which are a part of the great Western Ghats. River Veli, one of the prominent rivers of Kerala, flows nearby giving the palace a picturesque view. The palace is divided into five different parts - Mantrasala, Thai Kottaram, Nataksala, Uppirikka Maliga and Thekee kottaram, each of these portions is meant for different purposes. Mantrasala was king's council chamber, Thai Kottaram used to be the mother's palace, while Nataksala was the place for recreation. Then there is a portion which is four storied called Uppirikka Maliga and the Southern Palace or the Thekee Kottaram. The palace is well preserved by the Government of Kerala Archeology Department, which takes care of its protection and maintenance. The palace is constructed in the traditional nalukettu style of architecture, because of which it sports a courtyard exactly at the middle of the palace.
History
Padmanabhapuram Palace was constructed by Iravi Varma Kulasekhara Perumal in the year 1601. He was the ruler of Travancore from 1592 to 1609. But, it is considered that the whole structure of the palace wasn’t built in one go. It was constructed and renovated time and again in the course of history. Supposedly the Thai Kottaram was built in 1550 a lot earlier than the construction of other portions of the palace. The king Anizham Thirunal Marthandavarma reconstructed the entire monument in the year 1750. Later, King Marthaanda Varma dedicated the whole city to his family deity Sree Padmanabhan, who is the incarnation of Lord Vishnu. It is believed that he himself ruled the kingdom as the servant of Lord Sree Padmanabhan. Therefore, the palace derived its name from this whole incidence.
The word Padmanabhapuram literally means the city of Lord Sree Padmanabha. The capital of the state was shifted from here to Travancore and henceforth the palace lost its former glory. However, even after that, the palace stood as an exquisite example of traditional Kerala architecture. Thai Kottaram is the oldest building of the Padmanabhapuram Palace complex, while the latest construction is the Nataksala, as it was built during the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal who was a connoisseur of art and theater. He ruled the kingdom of Travancore from 1829 to 1846.

Attactions
Apart from its commendable structural design, the palace has a number of interesting features. The clock tower which is a part of palace complex is 300 yrs old, but it is still accurate. There used to be a secret passage inside the palace from where the king and the family of the king could be transferred to another palace several kilometers away, at the time of an emergency. The palace stores a number of artifacts. An entire room filled of Chinese jars, variety of weapons, a gallery of paintings depicting the history of Travancore and a wooden cot made up of 64 different pieces of wood which are of medicinal quality.

Mattancherry Palace

Mattancherry Palace is located in Mattancherry, in the state of Kerala. The palace derives its name from the location. In fact, the palace was named so, because the Dutch carried out a few renovation work and extension of the structure of the Palace in the year 1663. The palace is equally famous among scholars and tourist, because it has a number of murals and artifacts of great historical importance. The palace is built in a quadrangular structure, which is the traditional architectural style of Kerala, called ‘Nalukettu’. This particular style consists of the courtyard in the middle of the structure. In the courtyard of the Palace, there stands a temple dedicated to Pazhayannur Bhagavati, who was the Goddess of the Kochi Royal family. There are two more temples on each side of the palace, which are dedicated to lord Siva and Lord Krishna.

History
Mattancherry Palace has seen a number of glorious eras and numerous different rulers in a short span. The palace was presented to Veera Kerala Varma, who was the king of Kochi in the year 1555 AD, by the Portuguese. This was done to appease the king after the Portuguese plundered a temple nearby. Later the Palace came under the rule of the Dutch who carried out some major renovations and extensions in the palace in 1663.

Mattancherry Palace kept on transferring from the hands of one ruler to another. After the Dutch rule, the palace was renovated numerous times by a number of native rulers. The murals present in the palace tell the stories of the kings who ruled it. The palace walls are picture galleries of the Cochin Rajas. Since the palace was home to a number of native as well as foreign rulers and invaders in its entire history, each one added something or the other supplementing it with unique tints from various cultures. This has made the palace look very colorful. The palace has lived and survived a long history of invasions and plunder. Though it is tainted with blood and gore of wars, it has managed to keep its majestic look intact.
Attractions
The main attraction of Mattancherry Palace is its murals. Some of these depict the stories from the Hindu mythological scriptures, such as Mahabharata, Guruvayurappan and Ramayana. The interesting fact about these murals is that this is the longest collection of mural paintings found in Kerala spanning a length of more than 300ft. The scraped masonry walls and round-headed windows of the building give it a tinge of European architecture, while the sloping roof, wooden balconies and doors are pure examples of the traditional architecture of Kerala.

Adding to the traditional Keralite look are the interiors of the palace. The dining hall has carved wooden ornate ceiling, which is decorated with a series of brass cups. Flooring of the palace has been done in the traditional Kerala style of architecture. A mixture of burnt coconut shells, charcoal, lime, plant juices and egg whites, which mock the look of polished black marble, has been used for the flooring of the palace.

Cheraman Juma Masjid

Cheraman Juma Masjid is a popular mosque situated in Methala village, Kodungallur/ Kodungalloor of Kerala. The mosque is supposed to be built during 629 AD by Malik Bin Deenar. If we consider the date of construction of this mosque it is the first mosque ever built in India and the second oldest mosque in the whole world, which offers Jumuah prayers. The Mosque is an ideal example of the gamut of two traditions, which is evident from its architecture. The architecture of the Mosque gives it a unique appearance, as it sports the mixture of both Arab and Kerala style architecture and craftsmanship.

Cheraman Juma Masjid is a prominent pilgrimage for the Muslims in Kerala. Every year, a large number of devotees visit the mosque during the pious month of Ramzan. Women are not allowed inside the mosque. The Masjid sets an example of religious harmony, as on the day of Vijaya Dashmi 'Vidyarambham' is performed inside the premises of mosque, when a number of non-Muslim devotees initiate their kids into the world of literacy, here.
History
There have been evidences which support the fact that there used to be active trade relationship between Arabia and the Indian Sub-continent since ancient times. Those were the times when Islam wasn’t even recognized as a religion in Arabia. Since then, the Arab traders visited the Malabar region of Kerala, which used to be a major port at that time. As Islam was introduced in Arab, the traders also became the haulers of the new religion, Islam. The traders propagated the religion wherever they went. It is said that the first king to convert to the Islamic religion was King Rama Varma Kulashekhara aka Cheraman Perumal who was then the ruler of Chera province.

As per the historical records, Cheraman Perumal saw the miracle of the splitting of the moon, which is said to be performed by Muhammad. Later, he learnt that it was a symbol for the advent of messenger of God, from Arabia. Therefore, the king traveled to Mecca where he embraced the religion of Islam and accepted the Islamic name ‘Thajuddeen’. On his way back to India, he died at Salalah in the Sultanate of Oman and it is supposed that he authorized a few of his Arab companions to spread the religion of Islam in his Kingdom. So, Cheraman Juma Masjid was built on his name at Kodungalloor. Later, the Mosque was renovated. Today, it is maintained by Mahallu Committee.

Attractions
The unique architectural style of Cheraman Juma Masjid is its highlight. It sports a mixed Kerala and Arab style of Architecture. Moreover, a number of Hindu traditions are also followed inside the Mosque, such as the Hindu tradition of illuminating brass lamp. A brass lamp is there in the mosque, burns continuously. It is believed to be more than thousand years old. There is also a rosewood pulpit at the mosque, which has carvings made in Hindu style architecture. The pulpit is prominently used at a number of traditional Hindu temples. At the mosque there also lies a marble block, which is supposedly brought from Mecca.

Arakkal Palace

Kerala is one of the southern states of India and a major tourist destination of India. It is equally blessed with both natural and manmade beauty. There are a number of architectural marvels in Kerala, which stand as the evidence of the cultural heritage of Kerala. Arakkal Palace holds the credit of being the one and only royal residence of the Arakkal Royal Family in Kerala. Arakkal Palace and Kannur Fort stand in close proximity to each other, singing the lore of the ancient and medieval times. In 2005, the palace was converted into a museum. Now, it is preserved by the Department of Archaeology and Kerala Tourism. The fort stands till now as the witness of the glorious years which have been a part of the rich history of Kerala. 
History 
Arakkal Palace belonged to the Arakkal Royal family, the only Muslim royal family in Kerala. In 1663, Arakkal ruler also purchased St. Angelo Fort from the Dutch. The Arakkal rulers had control over the northern coastal region of Kerala and Lakshadweep. The Arakkal family used to accept the eldest member of the family, irrespective of gender, as the ruler of the province. ‘Ali Rajah’ was the name given to the male rulers of the Arakkal family, while their female counterparts were called ‘Arakkal Beevis’. By 1870, the British seized the fort and built their military base on the Malabar Coast. They also carried the construction of a tunnel connecting the Fort, with Thalassery Fort, located at a distance of 21 km from Kannur Fort. This tunnel used to come in handy at the time when the enemies used to attack. The major residents were transported to another location through this tunnel. 

Attractions 
Arakkal Palace is constructed in the traditional Keralite manner. It holds resemblance with other monuments in Kerala. The upper floor of the palace has large halls, with neat wooden floors. The windows are double shuttered with colored glass panes. The palace still owned by the Arakkal family Trust, but it is preserved and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. The durbar hall section of the palace houses an elaborate museum. Dedicated to the Arakkal family, it exhibits various credible belongings and artifacts of the royal family. 

Arakkal Palace is famous as the only Muslim royal residence in Kerala. The prime attraction is its architecture, which would drag you into the grandeur and splendor, was once enjoyed by the Arakkal family. The other place of interest is Arakkal Mosque, just located within close proximity of this palace. The Palace also houses a museum. The Arakkal Museum is dedicated to the Arakkal family, and exhibits various items belonging to the Arakkal Royal Family. It also depicts a story of relation of Arakkal rulers with colonial powers, and their monopoly on spice trade.

Malayattoor Church

Malayattoor Church is a famous Catholic church and one of the important Christian pilgrimage centers in Kerala. Located in Malayattoor of Ernakulam district in Kerala, a number of tourist and pilgrims visit this church during the annual festival of ‘Malayatoor Perunnal’. The Church is located on the peak of Malayattoor hill, at a height of 609 m. The church is dedicated to St. Thomas, who was the apostle of Jesus Christ. He came to India to spread Christianity and the message of Jesus Christ. Abundance of natural and scenic beauty makes the church an ideal place for those who are in search of spiritual bliss and peace. Those who have an eye for the architectural beauty will be pleased to have a look at the intricately designed structure of the church, which displays a commendable mixture of Greco-Roman architecture. However, the face of the church is designed in traditional Greek style.
History
It is supposed that St. Thomas reached the ports of Kodungalloor in 52 AD, sailing in the vessel of an Arab merchant. However, none of the dates of the events are established apart from that of the arrival of St. Thomas at Kodungallur. As per popular belief, the natives of Malayattoor were hostile to the saint, when he reached here on his quest of exploring the state. Subsequently, he fled to the top most point of the Malayattoor hill, where he prayed for days and weeks in a single position. As a result, his footprints were etched on one of the stones. According to the popular belief, while praying he touched a rock and blood poured out of it. This and many more miracles are associated with the Malayattoor Church. 

It is also believed that Saint Thomas used to make the Sign of Cross on this rock and used to kiss that cross and prayed under it, at Kurisumudi. The story develops further and it is said that a golden cross appeared at the particular spot of rock at which St. Thomas used to offer his prayers. This is why during the annual festival, the pilgrims climb up the hill they incessantly say out loud "Ponnum Kurishu Muthappo, Ponmala Kayattom", which means "O Patriarch of the Golden Cross! Climb we shall, this golden hill!". In the year 1998 the shrine was promoted to the Archdiocesan status. 

Attractions
There are a number of interesting places which you come across while the pilgrimage Marthoma Mandapam, which store the relics of St Thomas. Then there is the miraculous Golden Cross which actually seems like etched on the rock. Related to the same miracle are the footprints of St. Thomas on the Rock slab. While you continue your journey uphill, you will come across an ancient chapel, which was attacked by the elephants when it used to be surrounded by a thick jungle. Deep marks which were made by the tusks of the elephants are still visible on the walls of the Chapel. At the top of the hill there is a small spring, which is supposedly formed when St Thomas struck on a rock. 

Guruvayur Temple

Dedicated to Lord Krishna, Guruvayur Temple is one of the most famous temples in the entire south India. The serene and pious atmosphere of the temple attracts thousands of Hindu devotees from all over the world. The idol of the deity is magnificently carved. The deity is depicted in a standing position with four arms, each carrying an object in it, namely Panchajanya (conch shell), Sudarshana Chakra (Discus), Kaumodaki (Mace) and a lotus. The idol always stays adorned with garland made of Thulasi leaves. One of the popular legend which is associated with the temple states that Lord Siva (Rudra) performed Tapas and worshipped Lord Maha Vishnu at this place under the water of the sacred tank which is still located on the Northern side of the temple. The tank thus got the name of Rudra-Theertham.

History
Guruvayoor is a very old temple. However, there are no scriptures available that could establish the exact year of its construction. It is supposed that the idol which is worshipped at this temple is 5000 years old, but there is still no evidence to support the claim. According to a popular legend the temple is related to the city of Dwarka. When the city was submerged under the sea with its natives, Guru and Vayu were allocated the job to search for a new place that was equally sacred and beautiful as Dwarka, for a new temple.

Finally, the two were able to find a new location for the temple. The place was dedicated to the discoverers and was called Guruvayur. The deity of Lord Vishnu which presides here was named Guruvayurappan. The main idol was supposed to be installed by Brihaspati, the Guru of the gods and Vayu, after they invoked Lord Siva and Goddess Parvati for their blessings. The oldest scripture which includes the mention of Guruvayoor temple is Kokasandesam, which is a fourteenth century Tamil scripture. In this the temple, it is mentioned as Kuruvayur. Later in the 16th century the temple became quite popular. It was mentioned in a number of scriptures and literature.

Attractions
Guruvayoor Temple is a living paradigm of Kerala style traditional architecture. It is a landmark if you want to witness the architectural prodigy of Kerala. The temple building is east facing with two Gopuram, following the traditional basics of Kerala architecture. Another theory behind the temple facing east is that the Sun God Surya pays homage to lord Vishnu on Vishu Day. On this particular day the first rays of the morning sun descend directly at the feet of the deity of Lord Vishnu, as the idol can easily be seen from the main doorway. Another interesting thing to view inside the temple is ‘Chuttambalam’, with a Dhwajastambham or the flag-staff which is 33.5 m high.

The Dipastambham (used for illuminating a number of lamps together) of Guruvayoor Temple is a massive structure. Its actual beauty comes out when number of lamps are illuminated on this structure. Just ahead of the Dipastambham is located the doorway to the inner sanctum. On either side of this passage are located intricately carved pillars, which give the passageway a magical ambiance.

Kerala Boat Races

Kerala is a land of backwaters and beaches. A number of water sports are associated with the major lakes in Kerala. One of the major water sports in Kerala is boat racing, which is being organized by a number of social and religious organizations. These boat races have always been a part of the tradition of Kerala. There are instances in the history of Kerala when disputes between kings and chiefs were settled by boat races. These boat races are yet another reason that the tourists are attracted towards ‘God's Own Country’. A number of teams from different districts participate in boat races, which are organized annually. These races are organized specifically during temple festivals, which give this water sports an aura of religious sanctity. A few out of these races are ancient and have different myths and legends attached to them. The Snake boat races, commonly known by the natives as Chundanvallams, are the one which are most popular. These races are organized at different places in Kerala including Punnamada in Alappuzha

Champakulam Moolam Boat Race

Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is one of the ancient and most popular boat races in Kerala. The race is organized on the river Pampa at Champakulam, Alappuzha. The snake boats are called so because of the huge sterns of these boats that looks like a hood of a cobra raised in anger. The average length of the snake boats measures to hundred feet. The legend has that the Raja of Chempakasseri, Pooradam Thirunal Devanarayanan, built a temple at Ambalappuzha as suggested by the royal astrologers. It was discovered that the idol which was being placed at the temple was not fit. Therefore, a new idol was brought to this place from Karikulam Temple in Kurichi. As this idol was brought to the temple on a boat, the king declared that watersport will be organized on this particular date every year, to commemorate this event.

Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali

Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali or the Aranmula Boat Race is the oldest known boat race event which takes place in Kerala. The boat race takes place during the festival of Onam, which occurs during the Malayalam month Chingam (August - September). The boat race is dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna. The boats which are used for racing are huge. They have four helmsmen, 100 rowers and 25 singers who sing Vanchipattu songs throughout the race. The traditional snake boats which are especially used here for racing are called ‘Palliyodams’ by the natives. Each boat is decorated with a golden lace. Along with these decorations every boat has a flag and two or three ornamental umbrellas.

Payippad Jalotsavam

Payippad Jalotsavam is one of the finest snake boat races organized all over the world. The boat race is organized in a span of three days on the lake Payippad, which is located 35km from the district of Alappuzha. There is a close relationship between the Payippad Jalotsavam and the Subramanya Swamy Temple situated at Haripad. The legend has that before the actual construction of Sree Ayyappan Temple, the people of Haripad village had a vision that they should install the idol of Subrahmanya which was to be found at the bottom of the Kayamkulam River. Interestingly, the idol was supposed to be placed under a whirlpool. The people found the idol at the exact location. Hence, they brought the idol to its present location on a boat. This festival is celebrated every year in commemoration of that event.

Nehru Trophy Boat Race

The annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race takes place on the backwaters of Punnamada in Alappuzha of Kerala. The race is a rowing competition, which takes place between numerous teams who participate in this event to contend for the Nehru Trophy. The history behind the event is that, a snake boat race was conducted when Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru visited this place. He was so impressed by the enthusiasm of the rowers that he awarded the Nehru Trophy to the winners. Since then the Nehru Trophy bears a silver model of a snake boat and is awarded to the winning team of the boat race.

Fairs & Festivals of Kerala

Home to a large number of temples, churches and mosques, Kerala serves as a wonderful example of unity in diversity. Here, different festivals are celebrated year-round. Let it be temple festivals, carnivals of churches or any other ceremonious occasion - every festive occasion in Kerala is celebrated with much pomp and gaiety. The colorful festivals in Kerala show the spirit of the people. Onam, the state festival, is celebrated by people of all religions and communities with zeal and enthusiasm. On the other hand, religious festivals like Diwali, Christmas, Mahashivaratri, Bakrid, Id-ul-Fitr and Easter are celebrated with equal fun and fervour

Thrissur Pooram

The Thrissur Pooram is the most famous of all Pooram festivals and has been celebrated for over two centuries now. The festival entails spectacular procession of caparisoned elephants and enthralling percussion performances in a continuity of 36 hours beginning at 6 am and stretching up to 12 noon the next day. The festival is undoubtedly a rare treat both for the eyes and the ears. Unlike most other temple festivals, Thrissur Pooram is participated and conducted by people across all barriers of religion and caste.The Thrissur Pooram is celebrated in the month of Medom according to Malayalam calendar. This falls on April-May months.

Description of Thrissur Pooram

Adhering to the medieval Peruvanam or Pooram tradition, the festival is confined to the temples of Devi (goddess) and Sastha (divine combination of Shiva and Vishnu) and ten other deities from the neighboring temples pay obeisance to the presiding deity of Thrissur. The only spectator of the Pooram events is Lord Siva at the Sree Vadakkunnathan temple, situated in the heart of the town. Apart from Him the principle divine participants are Paramekkavu and Tiruvambadi, close to the Vadakunnathan temple.

Also participating and known as 'Cherupooram' are the suburban temples at Kanimangalam, Karamukku, Choorakkattukara, Laloor, Ayyanthole, Neithilakkavu and Chembukkavu, Panamukkampilly, which takes the number of deities to 8. The sprawling Thekkinkadi maidan, encircling the Vadakumnathan temple, is the main venue of the festival.

This festival was introduced by Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of the erstwhile Cochin State in the late eighteenth century and is now the most famous festival in Kerala with the largest fan following from all parts of the country. The Pooram Festival is celebrated by two rival groups representing the two divisions of Thrissur Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi challenging and vowing to overshadow each other with a more magnificent display of fireworks. Each group is allowed to display a maximum of fifteen elephants. The parties keep no stone unturned to secure the best elephants in South India and the most artistic parasols, to adorn the elephants. The celebrations begin early in the morning and last till the break of dawn, the next day.

The procession of Thiruvambadi Pooram to the grounds of Vadakkumnatha Temple and back is not only important, but also quite enlivening with the marvelous and enchanting effect of the Panchavadyam, a combination of five percussion and wind instruments is to be felt and enjoyed.

Apart from the great elephant march and percussion and musical performance, the pooram festival is also well known for the magnificent display of fireworks. Fireworks start in the early hours and the dazzling display last three to four hours.

Kodungalloor Bharani

Celebrated in the honor of the snowy past of Kodungalloor which was the ancient capital of Kerala, the Kodungalloor Bharani is a much awaited festival of Kerala. The region of Kodungalloor is the home to Kodungalloor Bhagavathi Temple. The ceremony of Kodungalloor Bharani marks the birth of Bhadrakali, who was considered to be born from the third eye of Samhara Rudra. As myth would have it Bhadrakali went on to kill the demon Darika. The festival attracts thousands of devotees every year. The whole of Kerala along with the other states of South India waits for the month of Meenam (March-April) every year for the festival. This is the best time to have a visit to "God's own country" with the festival and a climate to cherish the stay.

Description of the Chettikulangara Bharani

With the mark of respect to the snow-white past of Kodungalloor, the whole of Kerala gears up for the Kodungalloor Bharani in Kerala. The region of Kodungalloor is known as the past capital of Kerala and is the home to the Kodungalloor Bhagavathi Temple, the venue to the festival and is one of the wealthiest temples of the country. The festival is attended by thousands of devotees who thronged into the temple to be a part of the occasion. The Chettikulangara Bharani festival commemorates the birth of Bahdrakali who according to the Hindu mythology was born from the third eye of Samhara Rudra and was the one who went to finish off demon Darika. The month of Meenam (March-April) is the time when the temple is flocked in by the devotees for the celebration.

Tripunithura Hill Palace

Hill Palace is the largest archaeological museum in Kerala, at Tripunithura, Kochi, near Karingachira area. It was the administrative office of Kochi Rajas. Built in 1865, the Palace complex consists of 49 buildings in the traditional architectural style, spreading across in 54 acres. The complex has an archaeological museum, a heritage museum, a deer park, a pre-historic park and a children_ã_s park. The campus of the museum is home to several rare species of medicinal plants. Presently the palace has been converted into a museum by The palace is about 12 km from Ernakulam mainland and approachable by road and rail.

Hill Palace Museum at Tripunithura, 12km southeast of Ernakulam, was formerly the residence of the Kochi royal family and is an impressive 49-building palace complex. It now houses the collections of the royal families, as well as 19th-century oil paintings, old coins, sculptures and paintings, jewellery and temple models.

The Hill Palace, Kerala's first heritage museum noted for royal collections of the erstwhile Maharaja of Kochi, is today the largest archaeological museum in Kerala. It is built in the traditional Kerala style of architecture.On display in the full-fledged Ethno-archaeological museum are oil-paintings, murals, sculptures in stone and manuscripts, inscriptions, coins, belongings of the Kochi royal family and royal furniture including the simhasana (throne).

History of Hill palace

Built in 1865, the palace complex consists of 49 buildings in the trational architectural style of Kerala, sprawled over 52 acres of beautifully landscaped terraced land which houses a deer park and facilities for horse riding. Numerous species of flora including rare medicinal plants grow here.

Muziris Heritage Project

Muziris Heritage Project is a tourism venture by Tourism Department of Kerala to reinstate the historical and cultural significance of Muziris. The idea of the project came after the extensive excavations and discoveries at Pattanam by Kerala Council for Historical Research. The project also covers various other historically significant sites and monuments in central kerala.

Muziris was an ancient sea port on the Malabar Coast in Kerala which served as one of the world’s greatest trading center in East. As per historical records, the port was used for trade of goods ranging from spices to precious stones with Greeks, Romans and rest of the World during 3rd century BC to 4th century AD. The port also has its name mentioned in the Sangam literature and is also designated as the first place from where Christianity entered India. Besides all these, the Muziris region was well known for its warmth and hospitality towards people of all cultures and religions. With the passage of time, the port lost its glory and identity.

The Muziris Heritage Site area stretches from parts of Ernakulam district to parts of Thrissur district. It is believed to have been destroyed in 14th century by a massive flood in the main Periyar River. This flood blocked water access to the port & changed its demographics to a great extent. The only thing which remains today is remnants of ancient past.

Features of the Muziris Heritage Project

·         The Project will be the first Green Project of the Government of Kerala.

• The largest heritage conservation project in India
• The first Green Project of the Government of Kerala
• Involvement of multiple Government Departments and convergence
• More than 25 museums to appreciate the Muziris Heritage
• A research and academic institution to support the project
• Major improvements in infrastructure
• Integration with local communities through native resource persons for data collection, survey etc

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Objectives behind the project

The key objectives of the project are as follows:

·         To promote awareness and understanding of the cultural distinctiveness and diversity of Muziris

·         To conserve cultural assets and safeguard them for the present and future generations

·         To practice and promote sustainable development

·         To promote participative approach towards conservation and restoration

·         To ensure accessibility for all

·         To include the heritage of Muziris in regional educational programmes

·         To integrate and heritage management for mutual synergy