AKHBARAT: THE LITERAL MEANING OF AKHBAR, THE SINGULAR OF AKHBARAT, IS NEWSPAPER. IT WAS THE NEWS OF IMPERIAL COURT OR THE NEWSLETTERS OF THE MUGHAL. THE SYSTEM WAS STARTED BY AKBAR. THERE WERE FOURTEEN SCRIBES WHO UNDERTOOK THE WORK OF RECORDING MINUTES OF THE ROYAL COURT PROCEEDINGS EVERY DAY. IT INCLUDED THE MINUTES, THE FIRMANS AND OTHER PAPERS WHICH WERE PRESENTED TO THE ROYAL COURT OF AKBAR. THEN, MULTIPLE COPIES WERE PREPARED WITHIN A WEEK AND GOT APPROVED BY THE EMPEROR. THE COPIES WERE THEN MADE AVAILABLE TO CONCERNED OFFICERS AND CITIZENS. THE COPIES WERE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE SCHOLARS WHO WERE PATRONIZED BY AKBAR. NO DOUBT, THE MUGHAL PERIOD IS CALLED THE ZENITH OF MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY BECAUSE OF AVAILABILITY OF SUCH SOURCES LIKE AKBHARAT AS WELL THE WORK OF ESTABLISHED SCHOLARS. HOWEVER, AURANGZEB MADE AKHBARAT A CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENT. HE DISCONTINUED THE PRACTICE OF MAKING IT ACCESSIBLE TO EVERY ONE. HE EVEN ISSUED A PROCLAMATION IN 1699 TO ENSURE THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF AKHBARAT.
SATISHCHANDRA MUKHERJI (SATISH CHANDRA MUKHERJEE):
HE WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE JOURNAL DAWN ANDDAWN SOCIETY. DAWN SOCIETY HAD PLAYED A SEMINAL ROLE IN THE NATIONAL EDUCATION MOVEMENT WHICH HAD DEVELOPED ALONG WITH WANG BANG MOVEMENT OF 1905. THE DEMAND OF NATIONAL EDUCATION WAS ONE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE INDIAN NATIONALISTS AGAINST THE COLONIAL RULE. IT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE MOVEMENT OF SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT. SOME OF THE SCHOLARS BELIEVE THAT IT WAS MAINLY A RESULT OF WANG BANG MOVEMENT. HOWEVER, LATER, THE NATIONALIST RESPONSES OF WANG BANG MOVEMENT EXCLUDING REVOLUTIONARY APPROACH BECAME THE CORE OF GANDHIAN POLITICAL STRUGGLE BASED ON SATYAGRAH AND NON-VIOLENCE AGAINST THE COLONIAL RULE OF BRITAIN. SATISH CHANDRA MUKHERJEE WAS HIGHLY IMPRESSED BY THE NON-VIOLENCE MOVEMENT. HE REMAINED ASSOCIATED WITH MAHATAMA GANDHI ALSO.
HE WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE JOURNAL DAWN ANDDAWN SOCIETY. DAWN SOCIETY HAD PLAYED A SEMINAL ROLE IN THE NATIONAL EDUCATION MOVEMENT WHICH HAD DEVELOPED ALONG WITH WANG BANG MOVEMENT OF 1905. THE DEMAND OF NATIONAL EDUCATION WAS ONE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE INDIAN NATIONALISTS AGAINST THE COLONIAL RULE. IT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE MOVEMENT OF SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT. SOME OF THE SCHOLARS BELIEVE THAT IT WAS MAINLY A RESULT OF WANG BANG MOVEMENT. HOWEVER, LATER, THE NATIONALIST RESPONSES OF WANG BANG MOVEMENT EXCLUDING REVOLUTIONARY APPROACH BECAME THE CORE OF GANDHIAN POLITICAL STRUGGLE BASED ON SATYAGRAH AND NON-VIOLENCE AGAINST THE COLONIAL RULE OF BRITAIN. SATISH CHANDRA MUKHERJEE WAS HIGHLY IMPRESSED BY THE NON-VIOLENCE MOVEMENT. HE REMAINED ASSOCIATED WITH MAHATAMA GANDHI ALSO.
BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS:
BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS WAS ONE OF THE MAJOR TECHNIQUE OF PROTEST INVENTED BY THE INDIANS FIGHTING AGAINST THE IMPERIAL RULE OF BRITAIN DURING THEIR FREEDOM STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. IT WAS FIRST SUGGESTED IN A WEEKLY SANJIVANI ON JULY 13, 1905. THE WEEKLY SANJIVANI WAS EDITED BY KRISHANKUMAR MITRA AT THAT TIME. IT WAS LATER ADOPTED BY CONGRESS ON AUGUST 7, 1905 AS ONE THE TECHNIQUE TO PROTEST AGAINST THE PARTITION OF BENGAL WHICH WAS SCHEDULED TO TAKE PLACE ON OCTOBER 16, 1905. IT WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE OF WANG BANG MOVEMENT. IT HAD FULL SUPPORT OF LEADERS LIKE SUNRENDRANATH BANERJI. IT WAS ADOPTED BY OTHER MODERATE LEADERS IN THE CONGRESS WHO WAS STRONGLY AGAINST ANY UNCONSTITUTIONAL MEAN OF PROTEST. SOON THIS APPROACH OF FREEDOM FIGHTERS ASKING ABROGATION OF BENGAL PARTITION BY HITTING AT THE PURSE AT MANCHESTER, GRADUATED AT FULL FLEDGED DEMAND OF SWARAJ IN WRITINGS OF LEADERS LIKE AURBINDO GHOSH. IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE MATURING OF THE INDIAN NATIONALISM BY A SET OF SCHOLARS WHO OPPOSE THE THEORY OF CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL OF HISTORIAN (PRO-IMPERIALISTIC THEORY OF THE AIM OF CIVILIZING THE WORLD BY THE CHRISTIAN WORLD). IT WAS DEFINITELY A STRONG STATEMENT WHICH HAD ADDED A PRACTICAL (THEORETICAL ECONOMIC THEORY HAD DEVELOPED BY DADABHAI NAOROJI IN 1870S.) ECONOMIC DIMENSION TO THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA. LATER IT WAS ADOPTED BY MOHANDASS KARAMCHAND GANDHI AS AN IMPORTANT PART OF POLITICAL TECHNIQUE BASED ON SATYAGRAHA.
