Facts and Figures to Remember
1. Background of Civil Disobedience Movement:
Ultimatum of one year for constitutional reforms in Congress Session of 1928; Mahatma Gandhi was given the leadership to lead a mass movement.
2. Civil Disobedience Movement: Started in form of Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March – March 12, 1930 to April 5, 1930 and breaking of Salt law on April 6, 1930 at Dandi by Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha in Maharashtra, Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat and Chennai by breaking Salt laws, Satyagraha by breaking Jungle laws, Satyagraha by ‘no- rent’ movement in Uttar Pardesh, Karnataka and Gujarat, Participation of Women, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and his Khuda-i-Khidmatgar, Satyagraha protest of Mill workers of Solapur and Mumbai and British started oppression by arresting peaceful Satyagrahis.
3. A Step Forward: Whole of India in Urban and rural area participated, youth, mill workers and peasants participated, women participated, British economic interests were substantially harmed by the movement, and finally it was decided finally by the movement that the struggle was for the complete independence and all the section of Indian society had one view on it.
4. The First Round Table Conference 1930:
Ramsay Macdonald, the Prime Minster of England called in London in 1930. All other political parties except Congress participated. Congress was running the Civil Disobedience movement at that time.
5. Gandhi-Irwin Pact: The pact was signed in 1931 to bring Congress to the Second Round Table Conference. Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and the British Government released the Satyagrahis.
5a. Karachi Session of March 1931: It approved the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and allowed Mahatma Gandhi to participate in the Conference with sole demand of complete independence. The session also accepted the Fundamental Rights and national Economic programme.
6. The Second Round Table Conference:
Mahatma Gandhi left India on August 15, 1931 for the Conference. Mahatma Gandhi demanded full independence for India but British did not want to accept this demand. Mahatma Gandhi returned empty handed. Viceroy Wellington unleashed a policy of repression in India.
7. The Communal Award 1932 – Third Round Table Conference:
Prime Minister of England, Ramsay Macdonald issued Communal Award to settle issue of representation of the communities. It was his plan to divide the country on the bases of religious communities of India.
7b. Poona Pact: Babasaheb Ambedkar declined the Communal Award in the national interest and made compromise with the Congress on the issue of separate electorate.
On September 25, 1932, Poona Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar. After this Civil Disobedience movement was withdrawn.
8. Indian national Congress, Other Socialist Groups and the Socialist Ideology:
Social philosophy of Europe influenced the thought of Indian youth. Jwahar Lal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Acharya Narendra Dev and Jay Prakash Narayan were among them. They brought Fundamental Rights and Economic policies on the manifesto of the Congress (Karachi Session 1932).
Congress Socialist party was formed in 1934.
Dange lead Communist Party of India, Manvendra Nath Roy (M. N. Roy) headed Radical Humanist Party.
Socialist thoughts planned a socialist India of future and brought the problems of agricultural labourers, socialist economy etc on the national level even during the freedom struggle.

9. Dalit Movement: This movement wanted to establish an Indian society based on social equality. Mahatma Phule was its first leader. Nadar Mahajan Sangh formed by Mudaliar, T. N. Nair and T. Reddy lead this movement in Tamil Nadu. Babasaheb Ambedkar gave this movement a revolutionary character.
10. Dr. Ambedkar and Dalit Movement: Organised Dalits for securing social, religious and political rights.
By Mahad Satyagraha, he obtained the right to obtain water from Chavdar Lake (March 20, 1927)
December 25, 1927, burnt Manusamriti.
On March 2, 1930 secured entury to Kala Ram Temple at Nashik through Satyagraha.
Sought right to franchise, representation in the legislature, participation the administration etc for the Dalits.
Independent Labour Party (1936), Bhartatiya Bahiskrit Shikshan Prasarak Mandal and Scheduled Caste Federation were major organisation started by Babasaheb Ambedkar for uplift of Dalits.
Learn, organise and agitate for self respect, self reliance and self upliftment (The three principles) were shown as means to be acquired from education.
Mook Nayak, Bahiskrut Bharat and Janata were the main journals of Dr. Ambedkar.
Adopted Buddhism in 1956.

11. Movements in the Princely States and the Freedom Struggle:
The Indian territories under the Indian rulers but indirectly under the control of the British administration were called Princely states.
The National movement in such states started in 1920. The subjects of Princely state organised Praja Mandals and Praja Parishads for organising the national movement.
By the establishement of All Indian Association of the people’s Council in 1927, Praja Mandal movement became a national level movement. Congress gave recognition to Princely states movement at Madras Session. They fully joined with Congress activity to achieve the independence for India.
12. Freedom Struggle in the State of Hyderabad:
State of Hyderabad was the largest Princely state and strongly supported the British administration.
Non-cooperation Movement and Khilafat movement were organised in Hyderabad also.
People’s councils were organised for the upliftment of the people of the Hyderabad.
In 1938, Hyderabad State Congress was founded and given recognition by the Indian National Congress.
People of Hyderabad participated in Quit India movement of 1942. All through their nationalist activities, the people of Hyderabad faced the repression of Nizam of Hyderabad.
13. The Movement for Integration of Hyderabad with Independent India:
When India got independence in 1947, the Hyderabad State Congress decided to merge with India but Nizam wanted to remain independent. They faced the repression at the hands of Nizam and his supporters called Razakar.

Movements in the Princely States and the Freedom Struggle
a: Princely States:
- The British had established full control over whole of India by 1848.
- There were some territories which were under the Indian rulers and not under the British rule. 
- Such rulers within India were forced to accept the British rule. 
- The British divided the territories under their direct control into provinces. 
- The territories which were under the control of Indian rulers but they were under the dominance of the British rule were called the princely states. 
b: Pitiable conditions of people of Princely states: 
- The people under the British provinces were given some political rights and participation in the administration after the Acts of 1919 and 1935. 
- The people under the Princely States did not have the rights equal to the rights enjoyed by the British provinces. 
- The rulers of princely states had imposed a number of restrictions on the rights of their subjects. 
c: The National Movement in Princely States:
- The national movement in princely states started after 1920 after the non-cooperation movement which had taken place in the British provinces only. 
- Under the national movement, the subjects of the princely states established people’s organisation. 
- The people’s organisation started by the people of princely states for the national movement were called ‘Praja Mandals’ or ‘Praja Parishads’. The national movement in the princely states are also called Praja Mandal movements. 
d: Nature of the Praja Mandal Movements:
- The people of Praja Mandal fought against the Feudalism and colonialism. 
- The people of Praja Mandal movement fought against their feudal princes and the British administration simultaneously for their rights. 
- The main demand of the Praja Mandal movements was the democratic rights. 
e: Activities of Praja Mandal Movements:
- The people of the Praja Mandal Movements implemented the constructive programmes of the Indian National Movement in their princely states. 
- They established schools, used khadi, encouraged cottage industries and started agitation against the Untouchability. 
f: The National Movement Associations in Princely States: 
f1: The Hitvardhak Sabha 
- The Hitvardhak Sabha was founded in Poona in May 1921. 
- The aim of this association was to solve the problems of the people of southern princely states. 
f2: Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha:
- Wamanrao Patwardhan founded Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha in Bhor region in November 1921. 
- The aim of this Sabha was to fight for the problems related to people of Bhor region. 
f3: All India Association of the People’s Council:
- In the Bombay session of All India Association of the People’s Council in 1927, the princely states national movement was made a national level movement.
- The Bombay session of the Council demanded the responsible government and rights of citizenship for the people of Princely States. 
- The Madras Session of Congress also adopted the demands of Bombay session of All India Association of People’s Council. 
- In the Karachi Session of the Council in 1936, the Council rejected the clause of the 1935 Act wherein the nomination of Princes of the Princely states to the Imperial Legislature was allowed. 
- The Karachi Session of the Council demanded that the right of election of representative should rest with the subjects of the princely states. 
- The Council and other people’s movement also struggled for the farmers loans, taxes etc in the princely states. 
g: The Liberal Prince of Aundh: 
- Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi, the ruler of Aundh was a liberal ruler.
- He formed a Representatives’ Council. 
- He allowed 50% representation to the people of his state to the Council.
- In 1926, he allowed the power to legislate and to pass resolutions to the Council. 
- In 1929, he declared the subjects of his states would get the right of self rule within next five years. 
- He also formed a committee to frame a constitution of the modern political principles. 
- His work was highly appreciated by the All India Association of People’s Council. 
h: Merging of State’s Movement with the National Movement. 
- The Indian National Congress joined hands with the People’s Council and made it a part of national movement. 
- They worked with the aim of ending the British rule in India and integrating the princely states with India. 
- As a result of the merging of the People’s movement with the national movement, the princely states integrated with the independent India after 1947. 
- The important People’s movement were launched in Manipur, Travancore, Mysore and Rajkot. 
- The movement for integration with India in Hyderabad was the most aggressive movement. 
12. Freedom Struggle in the State of Hyderabad:
a: The State of Hyderabad:
- The State of Hyderabad was the largest princely states of India in terms of population and territory. 
- The ruler of the State of Hyderabad was called the Nizam of Hyderabad. 
- The State of Hyderabad included the Marathwada, parts of Andhra Pardesh and Karnatak. 
- The Nizam of Hyderabad was highly supported and helped by the British administration.
b: Non-cooperation Movement and the State of Hyderabad:
- The Non-cooperation Movement also influenced the State of Hyderabad. 
- The Nizam of Hyderabad crushed the non-cooperation movement and Khilafat movement in Hyderabad. 
c: People’s Councils in the State of Hyderabad:
- In 1921, Andhara Sabha in Andhra Pradesh and Karnatak Council in Karnatak were founded. 
- In 1937, Maharashtra Council in Marathwada was founded. 
- The aim of such councils was to work in the social and the cultural spheres. 
- These councils demanded responsible political system, expansion of private schools and vernacular education. 
- These councils placed before the country the problems of the people inspite of the restrictions in the State of Hyderabad. 
d: Role of Marathi Press:
- The Marathi press played an important role in spreading the political consciousness among the people of the State of Hyderabad. 
- A. K. Waghmare played a major role in activities of the Marathi press inspite of the all the restrictions imposed by the State of Hyderabad. 
e: The Rise of Hyderabad State Congress:
- The Hyderabad State Congress was founded in the State of Hyderabad in September 1938.
- The arrival of the State Congress started the first phase of the political struggle in the State of Hyderabad. 
- The leaders of the State Congress declared the party as a secular, national and open to all the castes and tribes. 
- The party declared the aim of communal harmony and unity as its objective. 
f: Reaction of Nizam of Hyderabad towards the State Congress: (March 00)
- The Nizam of Hyderabad felt a threat from the Hyderabad State Congress. 
- He banned the State Congress. 
- In October 1938, Swami Ramanand Tirath launched a Satyagraha against the ban on the State Congress.
- Arya Samaj and Hindu Maha Sabha also launched a Satyagraha at the same time for their own demands in the state of Hyderabad. 
- Nizam of Hyderabad was thus forced to introduce some reforms but he did not raise the ban. 
- Finally in 1940, the State Congress launched the individual Satyagraha against the ban.
g: Repressive Policies of the State of Hyderabad and the Freedom Struggle: (March 00)
- The State of Hyderabad had imposed ban on the National Song ‘Vande Mataram’. 
- However, the students took lead to make it a song of national freedom movement inspite of the ban. Nizam was not able to stop them. 
- The students of the Government College of Aruangabad were main activists in spreading the song of Vande Mataram.
- Later the student movement was merged with the national movement and freedom struggle in the State of Hyderabad became strong. 
- Govindbhai Shroff played an important role in making the freedom movement strong in Hyderabad after it had acquired momentum due to the activities of the student. 
h: Hyderabad Sate Congress and Quit India Movement of 1942: (March 96)
- When the Quit India Movement of 1942 started by the Indian National Congress, the Hyderabad State Congress itself as a part of the movement. 
- In August 1942 it placed following demands before the Nizam of Hyderabad:
i. Responsible government under the Nizam.
ii. Integration of the State of Hyderabad with Independent India. 
iii. Grant of Civil Rights to the people of the State of Hyderabad
iv. Removal of ban on the Hyderabad State Congress in Hyderabad.
- The State Congress organised a massive Satyagraha in the State of Hyderabad. 
- Many arrests were made.
- In 1946, All India Association of People’s Council also demanded from the Nizam to revoke the ban on the Hyderabad State Congress. 
- By the end of the Second World War, the conditions that emerged, made the situation of the Nizam of Hyderabad very difficult. 
- Finally n July 1946, the Nizam raised the ban from the Hyderabad State Congress. 
13. The Movement for Integration of Hyderabad with Independent India:
a. India Became Independent:
- In 1947, India was declared independent. 
- The Princely States were allowed the option to remain independent or to join with India. 
- The Nizam decided to remain independent. 
b: State Congress decided to merge with India: 
- The Hyderabad State Congress did not accept the decision of the Nizam of Hyderabad. 
- The people of Hyderabad also wanted to join the Indian federation. 
- The Congress decided to observe August 7, 1947, as the day of merger. 
- The people and the State Congress faced the attack of Razakar. 
c: Terrorism of Razakar: (March 00)
- The decision of the Nizam to remain independent was supported by a communal organisation called ‘Ittehadul Musalmina’.
- The leader of Ittehadul Musalmina was Kasim Razavi. 
- Kasim Razavi was known as Razakar. 
- Razakar raised a fundamentalist armed organisation when the State Congress raised the demand of merger with India. 
- The army of Razakar started terrorizing the people in the villages. 
- Nizam supported the activities of Razakar and his organisations. 
- Govindrao Pansare of Nanded district was killed in the attacks of Razakar. 
- Shoebulla Khan a journalist was also killed by Razakar. 
d: People of Hyderabad celebrated August 15, 1947:
- Inspite of the terrorism of Razakar and oppression of Nizam, the people of Hyderabad continued the agitation for merger with India. 
- They established armed camps to encounter the attacks of Razakar. 
- Digambarrao Bindu and Dr. Melkote headed the movement of merger. 
- Swami Ramanand Tirtha was in prison. 
- The people celebrated the independence of India on August 15, 1947, without caring for the repression by the Nizam of Hyderabad. 

Dalit Movement
- The main objective of the Dalit Movement was a establish a society in India based on social equality.
- Mahatma Phule was the first Dalit leader who started the Dalit Movement.
a: Role of Mahatma Phule:(Imp.) (Oct. 97)
- Mahatma Phule wanted to create a society based on equality.
- He worked for the improvement of the conditions of Dalits and the weaker sections of the society.
- He criticized the Brahmin class and elite classes for exploiting and oppressing the Dalits and other weaker sections of the society.
- He strongly condemned the caste system.
- He preached in his book, ‘Sarvajanik Satyadharma’ that every individual should stand against the social evils of ritualism, casteism, superstitions and all the social inequalities.
- He gave more stress on education as a factor in improving the conditions of individual.
- He was the first reformer to open schools for the Dalit girls and boys.
- He also convinced the government to open schools for the Dalits.
- He established his organization ‘Satyashodhak Samaj’ in 1873. Through his organisation he brought social reforms and social consciousness.
- Through his organisation and life time works he gave direction to the Dalit Movement in India.
- Dr. Ambedkar respected him as his guru.
b: Dalit Reformers of different provinces:
- In Tamil Nadu, Nadar Mahajan Sangh was established in 1910.
- A political organisation for the Dalit section of Tamil Nadu was established in 1915-16 in Tamil Nadu.
- C. N. Mudaliar, T. N. Nair, and Tyagaraja Reddy were chief founders of the Dalit movement in Tamil Nadu and Justice Party.
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar gave a revolutionary character to Dalit movement in Maharashtra.
10. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement:
a: Ambedkar’s view on Dalit upliftment and main contribution:
- Dr. Ambedkar believed that the day the oppressed classes decided to overthrow their slavery, for them the slavery would end.
- He had given a revolutionary character to the Dalit Movement to obtain from them the same social rights that were enjoyed by the other sections of the society.
- He was able to bring before the people the social problems of Dalits.
- He prepared the Dalits to launch agitation for securing their social, religious and political rights.
- He believed that the Untouchability was perpetuating because the Dalits were helping it to continue by tolerating it.
- He strongly condemned the Dharmashastras and traditions which perpetuated Untouchability.
b. Main Activities of Dr. Ambedkar for Dalit Movement:
b1: Mahad Satyagraha:
- Mahad Satyagraha was launched in Raigad district of Maharashtra.
- It was launched to establish the right of Dalits to obtain water from Chavdar Lake in Mahad on the right of equality of humans.
- It was launched on March 20, 1927.
- During the Satyagraha, Dr. Ambedkar brought before the world the inhuman injustice done to the Dalits.
- He advised the British government that it was the duty of the government to protect the rights granted to Dalits by law.
b2: Burning of Manusmriti:
- On December 25, 1927, Dr. Ambedkar burnt Manusamriti.
- Dr. Ambedkar considered Manusamriti responsible for the social inequality and the downtrodden conditions of the Dalits.
b3: Issue of Temple Entry:
- The restriction of the Dalits to enter the temples was another method of perpetuating the social inequality.
- Dr. Ambedkar used Satyagraha against the restriction on the entry of Dalits in the temples to establish their right to equality in the society.
- On March 2, 1930, Dr. Ambedkar and his followers offered Satyagraha for entry into Kala Ram Temple at Nashik.
- They used Temple Satyagraha to launch a wider agitation to raise awareness among the Dalits about their rights and inspire them to achieve their right to equality in the society.
- The temple Satyagraha was withdrawn after achieving success in getting entry in the temple.
b4: Issue of Political Rights:
- Dr. Ambedkar also gave significant important to political rights of the Dalits.
- He sought the right to franchise, representation in the legislature, participation the administration etc for the Dalits.
- He achieved a considerable success in securing the political rights for the Dalits by Poona Pact of 1932.
b5: Associations founded by Dr. Ambedkar:
- Dr. Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party in August 1936.
- The aim of the Independent Labour Party was to solve the problems of the workers and peasants.
- Dr. Ambedkar founded Bharatiya Bahishkrit Shikshan Prasarak Mandal.
- The aim of Bharatiya Bahishkrit Shikshan Prasarak Mandal was spread education among the Dalits.
- He established the Scheduled Caste Federation to work in the social and political field.
b6: Importance of Education as per Dr. Ambedkar:
- Dr. Ambedkar founded Bharatiya Bahishkrit Shikshan Prasarak Mandal for spreading education among the Dalits.
- Dr. Ambedkar considered education important for developing self confidence among the Dalits and for promoting their welfare.
- He himself founded educational institutions in Mumbai, Aurangabad and other places.
- The main message to Dalits on education was ‘Learn, organise and agitate’.
- He gave maximum importance to three principles of self respect, self reliance and self upliftment which for him could be achieved through education along with political rights.
b7: Journals of Dr. Ambedkar:
- Dr. Ambedkar founded journals like Mook Nayak, Bahiskrut Bharat and Janata.
- He used the journals to spread the social awakening and spread his message.
b8: Inclinations of Dr. Ambedkar:
- Dr. Ambedkar denounced Hinduism because it discriminatory attitude towards the lower classes.
- On October 14, 1956, he adopted Buddhism.
b9: Achievements of Dr. Ambedkar:
- Dr. Ambedkar obtained political and social rights for the Dalits.
- The major achievement of Dr. Ambedkar was that he succeeded in getting an identity and self respect for the Dalits.
- He adopted the means of constitutional movements and self reliance among the weaker section.
- Through his movement for Dalits, he made the upper classes to introspect and think about the social inequality.
- He even allowed the upper caste people to join him who were against untouchibility and who had sympathy for the Dalits.
- The main achievement was that he established harmony in the demands of the Dalits and the society.

Congress Socialist Party 
- In 1934, the Congress Socialist Party was formed within the Indian National Congress.
- The Congress Socialist Party was formed due to the efforts of Acharya Narendra Dev, Jay Parkash Narayan and Dr. Lohia. 
- This party mainly worked for the peasants. 
d: Other Parties dominated by Socialist Ideology: 
- Communist Party under the leadership of Comrade Dange also favoured a socialist direction to the independence movement of India. 
- Radical Humanist Party of Manvendra Nath Roy also favoured a socialist agenda for the future independent India. 
- The Leftist Parties played a major role in leaving a great influence of socialist ideology on the mind of the Indian youth of earlier 20th century. 
- As a result of Congress Socialist Party and the Leftist parties, the national independence movement was influenced by the socialist thought. 
e: Contribution of the Socialist Ideology to the National Movement:
- The issues like the agricultural labourers, socialist economy, equitable distribution of wealth, communization of means of production etc became important issue even before the independence of India. 
- The issues raised by the socialist ideology became the inseparable part of the manifesto of the Indian National Congress and played a major role in deciding the policies of the Independent India. 

Malfuz literature                                                                                                                                           Malfuz literally means” words spoken”.In common parlance,the term is used for the conversation or the table talks of a mystic teacher.Malfuz writing is one of the most important literary achievement of medieval india.The credit of giving a art of definit shape and there by popularising malfuz literature in the religious circle of the country goes to a desciple of Shaik Nizamudheen Auliya ,AMIR HASAN SIJZI.

In JnuRY 1307,SIJZI ,a famous poet of khalji period and friend of Amir Khusrue ,decided to write a summary of what he heard from his master Nizamuddheen Auliya.The decision was epoc making as it marked the beginning of a new type of literature known as malfuzat.Sijzi’s collection is known as “fawa-id-u’l-fu’ad” was welcomed in mystic circles and it became a guide book for mysterious anxious to travers the mystic journey.It inspired others to render similar services to their masters..

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ചെന്നൈ: ദേശീയ യോഗ്യതാ നിര്‍ണയ പരീക്ഷ (നെറ്റ്)ക്കു പകരമായി  ലക്ചറര്‍ (അസി. പ്രഫസര്‍) നിയമനത്തിന് മിനിമം യോഗ്യത എം.ഫില്‍ ആക്കാനുള്ള യു.ജി.സി തീരുമാനം  കേന്ദ്രം തള്ളി. ഇത് സ്വീകാര്യമല്ലെന്ന് കേന്ദ്ര മാനവ വിഭവശേഷി മന്ത്രാലയം മദ്രാസ് ഹൈകോടതിയെ അറിയിച്ചു. തമിഴ്‌നാട് ഗവ. കോളജുകളിലെ ഗസ്റ്റ് അധ്യാപകര്‍ നല്‍കിയ റിട്ട് ഹരജി പരിഗണനക്ക് വന്നപ്പോഴാണ്  അഡീഷനല്‍ സോളിസിറ്റര്‍ ജനറല്‍ എം. രവീന്ദ്രന്‍ ഇതുസംബന്ധിച്ച് സബ്മിഷന്‍ നല്‍കിയത്.അധ്യാപക നിയമനത്തിന് യു.ജി.സി കാലാകാലങ്ങളില്‍ നിഷ്‌കര്‍ഷിച്ച യോഗ്യതാ മാനദണ്ഡങ്ങളുമായി യോജിച്ചുപോകുന്നതല്ല പുതിയ തീരുമാനമെന്ന് കേന്ദ്രം കോടതിയില്‍ വ്യക്തമാക്കി. പ്രശ്‌നത്തില്‍ നവംബര്‍ 16 ഓടെ ബദല്‍ സത്യവാങ്മൂലം സമര്‍പ്പിക്കാന്‍ കോടതി കേന്ദ്രത്തോട്  ആവശ്യപ്പെട്ടു. നവംബര്‍ 22 ന് കേസില്‍ കോടതി വീണ്ടുംവാദം കേള്‍ക്കും.