HISTOBLOG

Facts and Figures to Remember
1. Background of Civil Disobedience Movement:
Ultimatum of one year for constitutional reforms in Congress Session of 1928; Mahatma Gandhi was given the leadership to lead a mass movement.
2. Civil Disobedience Movement: Started in form of Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March – March 12, 1930 to April 5, 1930 and breaking of Salt law on April 6, 1930 at Dandi by Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha in Maharashtra, Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat and Chennai by breaking Salt laws, Satyagraha by breaking Jungle laws, Satyagraha by ‘no- rent’ movement in Uttar Pardesh, Karnataka and Gujarat, Participation of Women, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and his Khuda-i-Khidmatgar, Satyagraha protest of Mill workers of Solapur and Mumbai and British started oppression by arresting peaceful Satyagrahis.
3. A Step Forward: Whole of India in Urban and rural area participated, youth, mill workers and peasants participated, women participated, British economic interests were substantially harmed by the movement, and finally it was decided finally by the movement that the struggle was for the complete independence and all the section of Indian society had one view on it.
4. The First Round Table Conference 1930:
Ramsay Macdonald, the Prime Minster of England called in London in 1930. All other political parties except Congress participated. Congress was running the Civil Disobedience movement at that time.
5. Gandhi-Irwin Pact: The pact was signed in 1931 to bring Congress to the Second Round Table Conference. Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and the British Government released the Satyagrahis.
5a. Karachi Session of March 1931: It approved the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and allowed Mahatma Gandhi to participate in the Conference with sole demand of complete independence. The session also accepted the Fundamental Rights and national Economic programme.
6. The Second Round Table Conference:
Mahatma Gandhi left India on August 15, 1931 for the Conference. Mahatma Gandhi demanded full independence for India but British did not want to accept this demand. Mahatma Gandhi returned empty handed. Viceroy Wellington unleashed a policy of repression in India.
7. The Communal Award 1932 – Third Round Table Conference:
Prime Minister of England, Ramsay Macdonald issued Communal Award to settle issue of representation of the communities. It was his plan to divide the country on the bases of religious communities of India.
7b. Poona Pact: Babasaheb Ambedkar declined the Communal Award in the national interest and made compromise with the Congress on the issue of separate electorate.
On September 25, 1932, Poona Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar. After this Civil Disobedience movement was withdrawn.
8. Indian national Congress, Other Socialist Groups and the Socialist Ideology:
Social philosophy of Europe influenced the thought of Indian youth. Jwahar Lal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Acharya Narendra Dev and Jay Prakash Narayan were among them. They brought Fundamental Rights and Economic policies on the manifesto of the Congress (Karachi Session 1932).
Congress Socialist party was formed in 1934.
Dange lead Communist Party of India, Manvendra Nath Roy (M. N. Roy) headed Radical Humanist Party.
Socialist thoughts planned a socialist India of future and brought the problems of agricultural labourers, socialist economy etc on the national level even during the freedom struggle.

9. Dalit Movement: This movement wanted to establish an Indian society based on social equality. Mahatma Phule was its first leader. Nadar Mahajan Sangh formed by Mudaliar, T. N. Nair and T. Reddy lead this movement in Tamil Nadu. Babasaheb Ambedkar gave this movement a revolutionary character.
10. Dr. Ambedkar and Dalit Movement: Organised Dalits for securing social, religious and political rights.
By Mahad Satyagraha, he obtained the right to obtain water from Chavdar Lake (March 20, 1927)
December 25, 1927, burnt Manusamriti.
On March 2, 1930 secured entury to Kala Ram Temple at Nashik through Satyagraha.
Sought right to franchise, representation in the legislature, participation the administration etc for the Dalits.
Independent Labour Party (1936), Bhartatiya Bahiskrit Shikshan Prasarak Mandal and Scheduled Caste Federation were major organisation started by Babasaheb Ambedkar for uplift of Dalits.
Learn, organise and agitate for self respect, self reliance and self upliftment (The three principles) were shown as means to be acquired from education.
Mook Nayak, Bahiskrut Bharat and Janata were the main journals of Dr. Ambedkar.
Adopted Buddhism in 1956.

11. Movements in the Princely States and the Freedom Struggle:
The Indian territories under the Indian rulers but indirectly under the control of the British administration were called Princely states.
The National movement in such states started in 1920. The subjects of Princely state organised Praja Mandals and Praja Parishads for organising the national movement.
By the establishement of All Indian Association of the people’s Council in 1927, Praja Mandal movement became a national level movement. Congress gave recognition to Princely states movement at Madras Session. They fully joined with Congress activity to achieve the independence for India.
12. Freedom Struggle in the State of Hyderabad:
State of Hyderabad was the largest Princely state and strongly supported the British administration.
Non-cooperation Movement and Khilafat movement were organised in Hyderabad also.
People’s councils were organised for the upliftment of the people of the Hyderabad.
In 1938, Hyderabad State Congress was founded and given recognition by the Indian National Congress.
People of Hyderabad participated in Quit India movement of 1942. All through their nationalist activities, the people of Hyderabad faced the repression of Nizam of Hyderabad.
13. The Movement for Integration of Hyderabad with Independent India:
When India got independence in 1947, the Hyderabad State Congress decided to merge with India but Nizam wanted to remain independent. They faced the repression at the hands of Nizam and his supporters called Razakar.